TY - JOUR
T1 - Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α production in mice
AU - Rudolph, Alan S.
AU - Cliff, Richard
AU - Kwasiborski, Victoria
AU - Neville, Lewis
AU - Abdullah, Fizan
AU - Rabinovici, Reuven
PY - 1997/3
Y1 - 1997/3
N2 - Objective: To investigate the effect of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin, an experimental blood substitute, on the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system in normovolemic mice, in ex vivo murine splenocytes and in a transformed murine monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7. Design: Prospective, randomized trial. Setting: Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Subjects: Female Balb/c mice (n = 27). Interventions: Mice were injected into the tall vein with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin or liposome vehicle and were killed at varying time points for blood sampling and splenocyte isolation and culture. Measurements and Main Results: Injection of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin in mice (2.2 g of lipid/kg and 0.56 g of hemoglobin/kg, n = 9) did not increase serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations at 2, 8, 15, and 24 hrs after administration. In the ex vivo procedure, lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/mL)-induced TNF-α production by splenocytes from mice injected with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin was attenuated at 2 end 4 hrs (73%, p = .002 at 2 hrs), compared with TNF-α production by splenocytes from sham animals challenged with the same concentration of lipopolysaccharide. In the in vitro procedure, simultaneous exposure of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (0.88 to 8.8 mg/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (0.125 to 1 μg/mL) to the murine-derived, peritoneal monocytic RAW 264.7 cell line showed significantly reduced TNF-α peptide, but not messenger RNA, 1 to 4 hrs after exposure as compared with cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide alone. This effect correlated with the rapid phagocytosis (1 hr to 4 hrs) of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin by RAW 264.7 cells. Phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells exposed to both liposome- encapsulated hemoglobin and lipopolysaccharide showed reduced uptake compared with uptake of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin. The liposome-induced reduction in TNF-α peptide production elicited by lipopolysaccharide was countered by extending the time period to an overnight delay between liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin exposure and lipopolysaccharide challenge. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin incubated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro, and subsequently washed to remove free lipopolysaccharide, stimulated TNF-α expression by RAW 264.7 cells. Incubation with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin alone did not evoke TNF-α production in these cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin modulates the response of the mononuclear phagocyte system to endotoxin, possibly through binding of lipopolysaccharide, presentation to macrophages with subsequent phagocytosis, and modulation of cytokine response by a posttranscriptional mechanism. This effect is attenuated by extending the period between exposure to liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin and endotoxin. The clinical relevance of these findings awaits further investigation.
AB - Objective: To investigate the effect of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin, an experimental blood substitute, on the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system in normovolemic mice, in ex vivo murine splenocytes and in a transformed murine monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7. Design: Prospective, randomized trial. Setting: Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Subjects: Female Balb/c mice (n = 27). Interventions: Mice were injected into the tall vein with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin or liposome vehicle and were killed at varying time points for blood sampling and splenocyte isolation and culture. Measurements and Main Results: Injection of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin in mice (2.2 g of lipid/kg and 0.56 g of hemoglobin/kg, n = 9) did not increase serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations at 2, 8, 15, and 24 hrs after administration. In the ex vivo procedure, lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/mL)-induced TNF-α production by splenocytes from mice injected with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin was attenuated at 2 end 4 hrs (73%, p = .002 at 2 hrs), compared with TNF-α production by splenocytes from sham animals challenged with the same concentration of lipopolysaccharide. In the in vitro procedure, simultaneous exposure of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (0.88 to 8.8 mg/mL) and lipopolysaccharide (0.125 to 1 μg/mL) to the murine-derived, peritoneal monocytic RAW 264.7 cell line showed significantly reduced TNF-α peptide, but not messenger RNA, 1 to 4 hrs after exposure as compared with cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide alone. This effect correlated with the rapid phagocytosis (1 hr to 4 hrs) of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin by RAW 264.7 cells. Phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells exposed to both liposome- encapsulated hemoglobin and lipopolysaccharide showed reduced uptake compared with uptake of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin. The liposome-induced reduction in TNF-α peptide production elicited by lipopolysaccharide was countered by extending the time period to an overnight delay between liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin exposure and lipopolysaccharide challenge. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin incubated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro, and subsequently washed to remove free lipopolysaccharide, stimulated TNF-α expression by RAW 264.7 cells. Incubation with liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin alone did not evoke TNF-α production in these cells. Conclusions: These data suggest that liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin modulates the response of the mononuclear phagocyte system to endotoxin, possibly through binding of lipopolysaccharide, presentation to macrophages with subsequent phagocytosis, and modulation of cytokine response by a posttranscriptional mechanism. This effect is attenuated by extending the period between exposure to liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin and endotoxin. The clinical relevance of these findings awaits further investigation.
KW - blood substitute
KW - cytokines
KW - endotoxin
KW - hemoglobin
KW - liposomes
KW - mononuclear phagocytic system
KW - splenocytes
KW - transcription
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0030895751&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0030895751&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/00003246-199703000-00015
DO - 10.1097/00003246-199703000-00015
M3 - Article
C2 - 9118663
AN - SCOPUS:0030895751
SN - 0090-3493
VL - 25
SP - 460
EP - 468
JO - Critical Care Medicine
JF - Critical Care Medicine
IS - 3
ER -