@article{f8506b3b10974bddbbe3c40e056afd3d,
title = "Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance",
abstract = "In the past decade, leptospirosis has emerged as a globally important infectious disease. It occurs in urban environments of industrialised and developing countries, as well as in rural regions worldwide. Mortality remains significant, related both to delays in diagnosis due to lack of infrastructure and adequate clinical suspicion, and to other poorly understood reasons that may include inherent pathogenicity of some leptospiral strains or genetically determined host immunopathological responses. Pulmonary haemorrhage is recognised increasingly as a major, often lethal, manifestation of leptospirosis, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. The completion of the genome sequence of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai, and other continuing leptospiral genome sequencing projects, promise to guide future work on the disease. Mainstays of treatment are still tetracyclines and β -lactam/cephalosporins. No vaccine is available. Prevention is largely dependent on sanitation measures that may be difficult to implement, especially in developing countries.",
author = "Bharti, {Ajay R.} and Nally, {Jarlath E.} and Ricaldi, {Jessica N.} and Matthias, {Michael A.} and Diaz, {Monica M.} and Lovett, {Michael A.} and Levett, {Paul N.} and Gilman, {Robert H.} and Willig, {Michael R.} and Eduardo Gotuzzo and Vinetz, {Joseph M.}",
note = "Funding Information: Conrad Estrada (Universidad Alas Peruanas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Lima, Per{\'u}), Kalina Campos (Asociaci{\'o}n Ben{\'e}fica PRISMA, Lima, Per{\'u}), Gary Klimpel (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA), and Victor Pacheco (Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Per{\'u})—members of the Peru–United States Leptospirosis Consortium—made critical contributions to this manuscript. We thank Vsevolod Popov and Violet Han of the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA for the high resolution scanning electron micrograph in figure 1 ; Todd Vento for the photograph in figure 6 ; Peter Southgate, Pawan Kumar, and John F Timoney for assistance with the scanning electron microscopy shown in figure 7 ; and Michael C Fishbein for the immunohistochemistry image in figure 9 . Some of the work described was supported by the United States Public Health Service National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, USA (Grant number 1F32AI055235–01 to JEN; grant number 5T35AI00764 to CE; grant number 1R01TW005860).",
year = "2003",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00830-2",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "3",
pages = "757--771",
journal = "Lancet Infectious Diseases",
issn = "1473-3099",
publisher = "Lancet Publishing Group",
number = "12",
}