Abstract
Myopia is a complex genetic disorder and a common cause of visual impairment among working age adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci on chromosomes 15q14 and 15q25 in Caucasian populations of European ancestry. Here, we present a confirmation and meta-analysis study in which we assessed whether these two loci are also associated with myopia in other populations. The study population comprised 31 cohorts from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) representing 4 different continents with 55,177 individuals; 42,845 Caucasians and 12,332 Asians. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 15q14 and 5 SNPs on 15q25 using linear regression analysis with spherical equivalent as a quantitative outcome, adjusted for age and sex. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of myopia versus hyperopia for carriers of the top-SNP alleles using a fixed effects meta-analysis. At locus 15q14, all SNPs were significantly replicated, with the lowest P value 3.87 × 10 -12 for SNP rs634990 in Caucasians, and 9.65 × 10 -4 for rs8032019 in Asians. The overall meta-analysis provided P value 9.20 × 10 -23 for the top SNP rs634990. The risk of myopia versus hyperopia was OR 1.88 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.16, P < 0.001) for homozygous carriers of the risk allele at the top SNP rs634990, and OR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.19, 1.49, P < 0.001) for heterozygous carriers. SNPs at locus 15q25 did not replicate significantly (P value 5.81 × 10 -2 for top SNP rs939661). We conclude that common variants at chromosome 15q14 influence susceptibility for myopia in Caucasian and Asian populations world-wide.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1467-1480 |
| Number of pages | 14 |
| Journal | Human genetics |
| Volume | 131 |
| Issue number | 9 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 2012 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Genetics
- Genetics(clinical)
Access to Document
Other files and links
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Large scale international replication and meta-analysis study confirms association of the 15q14 locus with myopia. The CREAM consortium'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.Cite this
- APA
- Standard
- Harvard
- Vancouver
- Author
- BIBTEX
- RIS
In: Human genetics, Vol. 131, No. 9, 09.2012, p. 1467-1480.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Large scale international replication and meta-analysis study confirms association of the 15q14 locus with myopia. The CREAM consortium
AU - Verhoeven, Virginie J.M.
AU - Hysi, Pirro G.
AU - Saw, Seang Mei
AU - Vitart, Veronique
AU - Mirshahi, Alireza
AU - Guggenheim, Jeremy A.
AU - Cotch, Mary Frances
AU - Yamashiro, Kenji
AU - Baird, Paul N.
AU - Mackey, David A.
AU - Wojciechowski, Robert
AU - Kamran Ikram, M.
AU - Hewitt, Alex W.
AU - Duggal, Priya
AU - Janmahasatian, Sarayut
AU - Khor, Chiea Chuen
AU - Fan, Qiao
AU - Zhou, Xin
AU - Young, Terri L.
AU - Tai, E. Shyong
AU - Goh, Liang Kee
AU - Li, Yi Ju
AU - Aung, Tin
AU - Vithana, Eranga
AU - Teo, Yik Ying
AU - Tay, Wanting
AU - Sim, Xueling
AU - Rudan, Igor
AU - Hayward, Caroline
AU - Wright, Alan F.
AU - Polasek, Ozren
AU - Campbell, Harry
AU - Wilson, James F.
AU - Fleck, Brian W.
AU - Nakata, Isao
AU - Yoshimura, Nagahisa
AU - Yamada, Ryo
AU - Matsuda, Fumihiko
AU - Ohno-Matsui, Kyoko
AU - Nag, Abhishek
AU - McMahon, George
AU - St. Pourcain, Beate
AU - Lu, Yi
AU - Rahi, Jugnoo S.
AU - Cumberland, Phillippa M.
AU - Bhattacharya, Shomi
AU - Simpson, Claire L.
AU - Atwood, Larry D.
AU - Li, Xiaohui
AU - Raffel, Leslie J.
AU - Murgia, Federico
AU - Portas, Laura
AU - Despriet, Dominiek D.G.
AU - Van Koolwijk, Leonieke M.E.
AU - Wolfram, Christian
AU - Lackner, Karl J.
AU - Tönjes, Anke
AU - Mägi, Reedik
AU - Lehtimäki, Terho
AU - Kähönen, Mika
AU - Esko, Tõnu
AU - Metspalu, Andres
AU - Rantanen, Taina
AU - Pärssinen, Olavi
AU - Klein, Barbara E.
AU - Meitinger, Thomas
AU - Spector, Timothy D.
AU - Oostra, Ben A.
AU - Smith, Albert V.
AU - De Jong, Paulus T.V.M.
AU - Hofman, Albert
AU - Amin, Najaf
AU - Karssen, Lennart C.
AU - Rivadeneira, Fernando
AU - Vingerling, Johannes R.
AU - Eiríksdóttir, Gudný
AU - Gudnason, Vilmundur
AU - Döring, Angela
AU - Bettecken, Thomas
AU - Uitterlinden, André G.
AU - Williams, Cathy
AU - Zeller, Tanja
AU - Castagné, Raphaële
AU - Oexle, Konrad
AU - Van Duijn, Cornelia M.
AU - Iyengar, Sudha K.
AU - Mitchell, Paul
AU - Wang, Jie Jin
AU - Höhn, René
AU - Pfeiffer, Norbert
AU - Bailey-Wilson, Joan E.
AU - Stambolian, Dwight
AU - Wong, Tien Yin
AU - Hammond, Christopher J.
AU - Klaver, Caroline C.W.
N1 - Funding Information: EGCUT received financing by FP7 grants (201413, 245536); Estonian Government (SF0180142s08); and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, in the frame of Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Estonian Research Infrastructure’s Roadmap. EGCUT acknowledges Ms. M. Hass and Mr. V. Soo. Funding Information: The Young Finns Study was financially supported by the Academy of Finland (134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi)); the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio, Tampere; Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (grant 9M048 to T.L.); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research and Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; and Emil Aaltonen Foundation (to T.L.). Funding Information: Acknowledgments We gratefully thank the invaluable contributions of all study participants, their relatives and staff at the recruitment centers. We would like to acknowledge the following agencies and persons: 1958 British Birth Cohort was funded by the Medical Research Council’s Health of the Public grant (PIs Power and Strachan); the Wellcome Trust (083478 to J.S.R.); the National Institute for Health Research as Specialist Biomedical Research Centres partnering respectively with Great Ormond Street and Moorfields Hospitals; and theUlverscroft Vision Research Group. Funding Information: AGES has been funded by National Institutes of Health (N01AG12100), the National Insitute on Aging and National Eye Institute Intramural Research Programs (ZIAAG007380, ZI-AEY000401), Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association); and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). This study acknowledges the contribution of collaborators on the vision component, Tamara Harris, Lenore Launer, Melissa Garcia, Susan Corwin, Fridbert Jonasson, Johanna Eyrun Sverrisdottir, Sigurdur Sigurdsson, and the staff at Hjartavernd. Funding Information: The CROATIA studies were funded by grants from the Medical Research Council (UK) and from the Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (10810803150302); and the CROATIA-Korcula genotyping was funded by the European Union frame-work program 6 project EUROSPAN (LSHGCT2006018947). The CROATIA studies acknowledges Dr. Goran Bencic, Prof. Zoran Vatavuk, Biljana Andrijević Derk, Valentina Lacmanović Loncˇar, Kresˇimir Mandić, Antonija Mandić, Ivan Sˇkegro, Jasna Pavicˇić Ast-alosˇ, Ivana Merc, Miljenka Martinović, Petra Kralj, Tamara Knezˇević and Katja Barać-Juretić as well as the recruitment team from the Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split and the Institute of Anthropological Research in Zagreb for the ophthalmological data collection; Peter Lichner and the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen (Munich, Germany), AROS Applied Biotechnology, Aarhus, Denmark and the Wellcome Trust Clinical facility (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) for the SNP genotyping all studies. Funding Information: The Blue Mountains Eye Study was supported by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (NH&MRC), Canberra Australia (974159, 211069, 457349, 512423, 475604, 529912); the Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Translational Clinical Research in Eye Diseases; NH&MRC research fellowships (358702, 632909 to J.J.W, 1028444 to P.N.B.); and the Wellcome Trust, UK as part of Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (A Viswanathan, P McGuffin, P Mitchell, F Topouzis, P Foster) for genotyping costs of the entire BMES population (085475B08Z, 08547508Z, 076113). The Centre for Eye Research Australia receives Operational Infrastructure Support from the Victorian government. BMES acknowledges Elena Rochtchina from the Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute University of Sydney (NSW Australia); John Attia, Rodney Scott, Elizabeth G. Holliday from the University of Newcastle (Newcastle, NSW Australia); Jing Xie, Maria Schache and Andrea J. Richardson from the Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne; Michael Inouye, The Walter and Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research (Victoria, Australia); Ananth Viswa-nathan, Moorfields Eye Hospital (London, UK); Paul J. Foster, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology & Moorfields Eye Hospital (London); Peter McGuffin, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College (London, United Kingdom); Fotis Topouzis, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital (Thessaloniki, Greece); Xueling Sim, National University of Singapore; members of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2. (Membership of Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 Peter Donnelly1,2, Ines Barroso3, Jenefer M Blackwell4, 5, Elvira Bramon6, Matthew A Brown7, Juan P Casas8, Aiden Corvin9, Panos Deloukas3, Audrey Duncanson10, Janusz Jankowski11, Hugh S Markus12, Christopher G Mathew13, Colin NA Palmer14, Robert Plomin15, Anna Rautanen1, Stephen J Sawcer16, Richard C Trembath13, Ananth C Viswanathan17, Nicholas W Wood18, Chris C A Spencer1, Gavin Band1, Céline Bellenguez1, Colin Freeman1, Garrett Hellenthal1, Eleni Giannoulatou1, Matti Pirinen1, Richard Pearson1, Amy Strange1, Zhan Su1, Damjan Vukcevic1, Cordelia Langford3, Sarah E Hunt3, Sarah Edkins3, Rhian Gwilliam3, Hannah Blackburn3, Suzannah J Bumpstead3, Serge Dronov3, Matthew Gillman3, Emma Gray3, Naomi Hammond3, Alagurevathi Jayakumar3, Owen T McC-ann3, Jennifer Liddle3, Simon C Potter3, Radhi Ravindrarajah3, Michelle Ricketts3, Matthew Waller3, Paul Weston3, Sara Widaa3, Pamela Whittaker3 1 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; 2 Dept Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK; 3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; 4 Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008; 5 Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; 6 Department of Psychosis Studies, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London and The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; 7 University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; 8 Dept Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT and Dept Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London WC1E 6BT, UK; 9 Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Eire; 10 Molecular and Physiological Sciences, The Wellcome Trust, London NW1 2BE; 11 Centre for Digestive Diseases, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK and Digestive Diseases Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE7 7HH, UK and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; 12 Clinical Funding Information: KORA was financed by the Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health; the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the State of Bavaria; the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN-2 and NGFNPlus) (01GS0823); Munich Center of Health Sciences as part of LMUin-novativ; the German Research Counsil (DFG) (WI182041 to K.O.); the genotyping costs were supported by the National Eye Institute (R01 EY020483 to D.S.) and some of the analyses were supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome. Funding Information: MESA and MESA SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) are conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (N01HC95159, N01HC95169, RR-024156, N02HL64278 (SHARe genotyping)); the National Institutes of Health (Intramural Research Program of the National Eye Institute, (ZI-AEY000403); (R01HL071205 to MESA Family); the Clinical Translational Science Institute (UL1RR033176); and the Cedars-Sinai General Clinical Research Center (RR00425). MESA thanks all investigators, especially Drs. Mary Frances Cotch, Jerome I. Rotter, Ronald Klein, and Tien Y. Wong in the Eye Working Group, the staff, and the participants of the MESA study for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. Funding Information: The Sorbs study was supported by the Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research at the University of Leipzig (B27 to A.T.) from the German Diabetes Association (to A.T.); the DHFD, Diabetes Hilfs-und Forschungsfonds Deutschland (to A.T.); the European Commission under a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (to R.M.); the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP720072013); and ENGAGE project (HEALTHF42007201413). We thank Michael Stumvoll and Peter Kovacs for the excellent project coordination and fruitful discussion, furthermore Knut Krohn (Microarray Core Facility of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Leipzig) for the genotyping support. Funding Information: The Rotterdam Study and ERF were supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) (Vidi 91796357); Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw); UitZicht; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports; the European Commission (DG XII); the Municipality of Rotterdam; the Netherlands Genomics Initiative/NWO; Center for Medical Systems Biology of NGI; Lijf en Leven; M.D. Fonds; Henkes Stichting; Stichting Nederlands Ooghe-elkundig Onderzoek; Swart van Essen; Bevordering van Volkskracht; Blindenhulp; Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden; Rotterdamse Vereniging voor Blindenbelangen; OOG; Algemene Nederlandse Vereniging ter Voorkoming van Blindheid; the Rotterdam Eye Hospital Research Foundation; and Topcon Europe. Rotterdam Study and ERF thank Ada Hooghart, Corina Brussee, Riet Bernaerts-Biskop, Patricia van Hilten, Pascal Arp, Jeanette Vergeer, Marijn Verkerk and Sander Bervoets. Funding Information: FITSA was supported by ENGAGE (FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007, 201413); the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (213506, 129680); the Academy of Finland Ageing Programme; and the Finnish Ministry of Culture and Education and University of Jyväskylä. For FITSA the contributions of Emmi Tik-kanen, Samuli Ripatti and Jaakko Kaprio are acknowledged. Funding Information: Framingham Eye Study was supported by NEI (N01EY22112, N01EY92109); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N02HL64278) for SHARe genotyping; Boston University (N01HC25195); and by intramural funds of the National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, USA (to R.W. and J.E.B.W.) GHS was funded through the government of Rheinland-Pfalz (‘‘Stiftung Rheinland Pfalz für Innovation’’ (AZ961386261733); the research programs ‘‘Wissen schafft Zukunft’’ and ‘‘Schwerpunkt Vaskuläre Prävention’’ of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Boehringer Ingelheim; PHILIPS Medical Systems; National Genome Network ‘‘NGFNplus’’ by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (A301GS0833). Funding Information: The Singapore studies (SCORM, SP2, SiMES, SINDI) were supported by the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC 07962003, NMRC 11762008), Singapore Bio-Medical Research Council (0612119466, 0913519616). Funding Information: Core support for ALSPAC was provided by the UK Medical Research Council (4882); the Wellcome Trust (076467); the University of Bristol; and for this research specifically by the National Eye Research Centre, Bristol (SCIAD053). The study acknowledges Cathy Williams as a guarantor for the contents of this paper. Funding Information: Australian Twins was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Enabling Grant (2004-2009, 350415, 2005-2007); Clifford Craig Medical Research Trust; Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia; American Health Assistance Foundation; Peggy and Leslie Cranbourne Foundation; Foundation for Children; Jack Brockhoff Foundation; National Institutes of Health/National Eye Institute (RO1EY01824601 (2007-2010)); Pfizer Australia Senior Research Fellowship (to D.A.M.); and Australian NHMRC Career Development Award (to S.M.). Genotyping was funded by an NHMRC Medical Genomics Grant and NIH Center for Inherited Disease Research as part of an National Eye Institute National Institutes of Health project grant, Australian sample imputation analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO48005003). Australian Twins thanks Stuart Macgregor, Grant W. Montgomery, Nicholas G. Martin, Scott D. Gordon, Dale R. Nyholt, Sarah E. Medland, Brian P. McEvoy, Margaret J. Wright, Anjali K. Henders, Megan J. Campbell for ascertaining and processing genotyping data; Jane MacKinnon, Shayne Brown, Lisa Kearns, Jonathan Ruddle, Paul Sanfilippo, Sandra Staffieri, Olivia Bigault, Colleen Wilkinson, Jamie Craig, Yaling Ma, Julie Barbour for assisting with clinical examinations; and Dr Camilla Day and staff. Funding Information: The Kyoto Study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo (21249084, 22791653). Funding Information: NIH Center for Inherited Disease Research; the National Institute for Health Research comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust partnering with King’s College London. Funding Information: TwinsUK received funding from the Wellcome Trust; the European Union MyEuropia Marie Curie Research Training Network; Guide Dogs for the Blind Association; the European Community’s FP7 (HEALTHF22008201865GEFOS); ENGAGE (HEALTHF4200720 1413); the FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project (QLG2CT200201254); US National Institutes of Health/National Eye Institute (1RO1EY018246); Funding Information: ORCADES was supported by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government, the Royal Society, the Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit and the European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (LSHGCT2006018947). ORCADES acknowledges the invaluable contributions of Lorraine Anderson and the research nurses in Orkney, in particular Margaret Pratt who performed the eye measurements,as well as the administrative team in Edinburgh University; and the Wellcome Trust Clinical facility (Edinburgh, United Kingdom) for DNA extraction; and Peter Lichner and the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen (Munich, Germany) for genotyping. Funding Information: OGP Talana was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (5571DSPAR2002, 718Ric2005). OGP Talana thanks the Ogliastra population and the municipal administrators for their collaboration to the project and for economic and logistic support.
PY - 2012/9
Y1 - 2012/9
N2 - Myopia is a complex genetic disorder and a common cause of visual impairment among working age adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci on chromosomes 15q14 and 15q25 in Caucasian populations of European ancestry. Here, we present a confirmation and meta-analysis study in which we assessed whether these two loci are also associated with myopia in other populations. The study population comprised 31 cohorts from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) representing 4 different continents with 55,177 individuals; 42,845 Caucasians and 12,332 Asians. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 15q14 and 5 SNPs on 15q25 using linear regression analysis with spherical equivalent as a quantitative outcome, adjusted for age and sex. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of myopia versus hyperopia for carriers of the top-SNP alleles using a fixed effects meta-analysis. At locus 15q14, all SNPs were significantly replicated, with the lowest P value 3.87 × 10 -12 for SNP rs634990 in Caucasians, and 9.65 × 10 -4 for rs8032019 in Asians. The overall meta-analysis provided P value 9.20 × 10 -23 for the top SNP rs634990. The risk of myopia versus hyperopia was OR 1.88 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.16, P < 0.001) for homozygous carriers of the risk allele at the top SNP rs634990, and OR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.19, 1.49, P < 0.001) for heterozygous carriers. SNPs at locus 15q25 did not replicate significantly (P value 5.81 × 10 -2 for top SNP rs939661). We conclude that common variants at chromosome 15q14 influence susceptibility for myopia in Caucasian and Asian populations world-wide.
AB - Myopia is a complex genetic disorder and a common cause of visual impairment among working age adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci on chromosomes 15q14 and 15q25 in Caucasian populations of European ancestry. Here, we present a confirmation and meta-analysis study in which we assessed whether these two loci are also associated with myopia in other populations. The study population comprised 31 cohorts from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) representing 4 different continents with 55,177 individuals; 42,845 Caucasians and 12,332 Asians. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 15q14 and 5 SNPs on 15q25 using linear regression analysis with spherical equivalent as a quantitative outcome, adjusted for age and sex. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of myopia versus hyperopia for carriers of the top-SNP alleles using a fixed effects meta-analysis. At locus 15q14, all SNPs were significantly replicated, with the lowest P value 3.87 × 10 -12 for SNP rs634990 in Caucasians, and 9.65 × 10 -4 for rs8032019 in Asians. The overall meta-analysis provided P value 9.20 × 10 -23 for the top SNP rs634990. The risk of myopia versus hyperopia was OR 1.88 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.16, P < 0.001) for homozygous carriers of the risk allele at the top SNP rs634990, and OR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.19, 1.49, P < 0.001) for heterozygous carriers. SNPs at locus 15q25 did not replicate significantly (P value 5.81 × 10 -2 for top SNP rs939661). We conclude that common variants at chromosome 15q14 influence susceptibility for myopia in Caucasian and Asian populations world-wide.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84866729828&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84866729828&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s00439-012-1176-0
DO - 10.1007/s00439-012-1176-0
M3 - Article
C2 - 22665138
AN - SCOPUS:84866729828
SN - 0340-6717
VL - 131
SP - 1467
EP - 1480
JO - Human genetics
JF - Human genetics
IS - 9
ER -