Kinetics of cytokine expression during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

In the present study, we have determined the kinetics of constitutive expression of a panel of cytokines [interleukin (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] in sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from nine individuals with primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. Expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was barely detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, substantial levels of IL-2 expression were found in mononuclear cells isolated from lymph node. Expression of IL-6 was detected in only three of nine patients, and IL- 6 expression was observed when transition from the acute to the chronic phase had already occurred. Expression of IL-10 and TNF-α was consistently observed in all patients tested, and levels of both cytokines were either stable or progressively increased over time. Similar to IL-10 and TNF-α, IFN-γ expression was detected in all patients; however, in five of nine patients, IFN-γ expression peaked very early during primary infection. The early peak in IFN-γ expression coincided with oligoclonal expansions of CD8⁺ T cells in five of six patients, and CD8⁺ T cells mostly accounted for the expression of this cytokine. These results indicate that high levels of expression of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with primary infection and that the cytokine response during this phase of infection is strongly influenced by oligoclonal expansions of CD8⁺ T cells.