Intensive care utilization during hospital admission for delivery: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in a statewide population

Background: During childbirth, the maternal need for intensive care unit (ICU) services is not well-defined. This information could influence the decision whether to incorporate ICU services into the labor and delivery suite. Methods: This study reports (1) ICU use and mortality rates in a statewide population of obstetric patients during their hospital admission for childbirth, and (2) the risk factors associated with ICU admission and mortality. A case-control design using patient records from a state- maintained anonymous database for the years 1984-1997 was used. Outcome variables included ICU use and mortality rates. Results: Of the 822,591 hospital admissions for delivery of neonates during the study period, there were 1,023 ICU admissions (0.12%) and 34 ICU deaths (3.3%). Age, race, hospital type, volume of deliveries, and source of admission independently and in combination were associated with ICU admission (P < 0.05). The most common risk factors associated with ICU admission included cesarean section, preeclampsia or eclampsia, and postpartum hemorrhage (P < 0.001). Black race, high hospital volume of deliveries, and longer duration of ICU stay were associated with ICU mortality (P < 0.05). The most common risk factors associated with ICU mortality included pulmonary complications, shock, cerebrovascular event, and drug dependence (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that ICU use and mortality rate during hospital admission for delivery of a neonate is low. These results may influence the location of perinatal ICU services in the hospital setting.