Inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors strengthen CD8⁺ T cell–mediated control of HIV-1, HCV, and HTLV-1

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed predominantly on natural killer cells, where they play a key role in the regulation of innate immune responses. Recent studies show that inhibitory KIRs can also affect adaptive T cell–mediated immunity. In mice and in human T cells in vitro, inhibitory KIR ligation enhanced CD8⁺ T cell survival. To investigate the clinical relevance of these observations, we conducted an extensive immunogenetic analysis of multiple independent cohorts of HIV-1–, hepatitis C virus (HCV)–, and human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–infected individuals in conjunction with in vitro assays of T cell survival, analysis of ex vivo KIR expression, and mathematical modeling of host-virus dynamics. Our data suggest that functional engagement of inhibitory KIRs enhances the CD8⁺ T cell response against HIV-1, HCV, and HTLV-1 and is a significant determinant of clinical outcome in all three viral infections.