TY - JOUR
T1 - Incident hypertension associated with depression in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment area follow-up study
AU - Meyer, Christina M.
AU - Armenian, Haroutune K.
AU - Eaton, William W.
AU - Ford, Daniel E.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH47447. Special thanks to Laura Pratt and Li-Shiun Chen for their assistance with the ECA database.
Copyright:
Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2004/12
Y1 - 2004/12
N2 - This study evaluates the role of depression as a specific risk factor for hypertension. This study analyzed the prospective data in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Follow-up Study (n=1920), a longitudinal population-based study of mental illness in East Baltimore. Incident cases of hypertension as assessed by self-report (n=148) in 1993 were compared to the remaining cohort without hypertension (n=901) across three waves of ECA interviews (1981, 1982, 1993). Depression and related symptoms were measured at baseline (1981) by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and categorized as dysphoria, dysthymia, or major depressive episode (MDE) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) III criteria. Individuals with a major depressive episode compared to those who reported never having dysphoria had a marginally significant increased risk for hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.16; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.94,4.98)) after adjustment for age, gender, race, body mass index, Nam-Powers socioeconomic score, alcohol usage, smoking, exercise, diabetes status, and number of general medical visits. MDE reported to have begun more than a year before the baseline measurement was associated with an increased risk for incident hypertension (Adjusted OR=3.67, 95% CI (1.25,10.79). Potential misclassification of self-reported hypertension outcome. Even though the data are based on self-report of hypertension, these findings suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for hypertension particularly for those with recurrent episodes or a long term history of the disease.
AB - This study evaluates the role of depression as a specific risk factor for hypertension. This study analyzed the prospective data in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Follow-up Study (n=1920), a longitudinal population-based study of mental illness in East Baltimore. Incident cases of hypertension as assessed by self-report (n=148) in 1993 were compared to the remaining cohort without hypertension (n=901) across three waves of ECA interviews (1981, 1982, 1993). Depression and related symptoms were measured at baseline (1981) by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and categorized as dysphoria, dysthymia, or major depressive episode (MDE) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) III criteria. Individuals with a major depressive episode compared to those who reported never having dysphoria had a marginally significant increased risk for hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.16; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (0.94,4.98)) after adjustment for age, gender, race, body mass index, Nam-Powers socioeconomic score, alcohol usage, smoking, exercise, diabetes status, and number of general medical visits. MDE reported to have begun more than a year before the baseline measurement was associated with an increased risk for incident hypertension (Adjusted OR=3.67, 95% CI (1.25,10.79). Potential misclassification of self-reported hypertension outcome. Even though the data are based on self-report of hypertension, these findings suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for hypertension particularly for those with recurrent episodes or a long term history of the disease.
KW - Depression
KW - High Blood Pressure
KW - Risk Factors
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.004
DO - 10.1016/j.jad.2004.06.004
M3 - Article
C2 - 15555705
AN - SCOPUS:8844277726
VL - 83
SP - 127
EP - 133
JO - Journal of Affective Disorders
JF - Journal of Affective Disorders
SN - 0165-0327
IS - 2-3
ER -