@article{668cd84b93664e4099d5c94b0276050f,
title = "Immunological signaling during herpes simplex virus-2 and cytomegalovirus vaginal shedding after initiation of antiretroviral treatment",
abstract = "Vaginal proinflammatory cytokine expression during herpes virus reactivation was examined in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Vaginal swabs were screened for levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ. The relative risk (RR) of herpes simplex virus-2 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding being associated with cytokine levels above the median were estimated. Herpes simplex virus-2 shedding was significantly associated with higher levels of IL-6 (RR = 1.4, P = .003) and TNF-α (RR = 1.3, P = .010), whereas CMV shedding was associated with higher IL-6 (RR = 1.3, P = .006) and IL-2 (RR = 1.4, P = .01). The association of viral shedding with higher IL-6 levels suggests that herpes virus reactivation may be playing a role in immune activation after ART initiation. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2016. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.",
keywords = "CMV, Cytokine, HIV, HSV-2, Viral shedding",
author = "Nason, {Martha C.} and Patel, {Eshan U.} and Kirkpatrick, {Allison R.} and Prodger, {Jessica L.} and Kamnoosh Shahabi and Tobian, {Aaron A.R.} and Sara Gianella and Sarah Kalibbala and Paschal Ssebbowa and Rupert Kaul and Gray, {Ronald H.} and Quinn, {Thomas C.} and David Serwadda and Reynolds, {Steven J.} and Redd, {Andrew D.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the study participants and the Rakai Community Advisory Board whose commitment and cooperation made this study possible. We also thank Tricia Niles for technical assistance (Becton Dickinson Immune Function Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health) and Dr. Irini Sereti for helpful discussions. Financial support. This work was supported by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH) and in part through program project grant PO1 AI-30731-19. A. A. R. T. was supported by NIH grant 1K23AI093152-01A1 and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Clinician Scientist Development Award (no. 22006.02). Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest.",
year = "2016",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1093/ofid/ofw073",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "3",
journal = "Open Forum Infectious Diseases",
issn = "2328-8957",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "2",
}