TY - JOUR
T1 - Imaging of nontraumatic hemorrhage of the adrenal gland
AU - Kawashima, Akira
AU - Sandler, Carl M.
AU - Ernst, Randy D.
AU - Takahashi, Naoki
AU - Roubidoux, Marilyn A.
AU - Goldman, Stanford M.
AU - Fishman, Elliot K.
AU - Dunnick, N. Reed
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 1999
Y1 - 1999
N2 - Nontraumatic hemorrhage of the adrenal gland is uncommon. The causes of such hemorrhage can be classified into five categories: (a) stress, (b) hemorrhagic diathesis or coagulopathy, (c) neonatal stress, (d) underlying adrenal tumors, and (e) idiopathic disease. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging play an important role in diagnosis and management. CT is the modality of choice for evaluation of adrenal hemorrhage in a patient with a history of stress or a hemorrhagic diathesis or coagulopathy (anticoagulant therapy). CT may yield the first clue to the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency secondary to bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage; such insufficiency is rare but life threatening. US is the modality of choice for evaluation of neonatal hematoma, and MR imaging is helpful for further characterization. MR imaging is also useful in the diagnosis of coexistent renal vein thrombosis. When an adrenal abscess is suspected, percutaneous aspiration and drainage under imaging guidance should be performed. Hemorrhage into an adrenal cyst or tumor can cause acute onset of symptoms and signs in a patient without discernible risk factors for adrenal hemorrhage. A hemorrhagic adrenal tumor should be suspected when CT or MR imaging reveals a hemorrhagic adrenal mass of heterogeneous attenuation or signal intensity that demonstrates enhancement.
AB - Nontraumatic hemorrhage of the adrenal gland is uncommon. The causes of such hemorrhage can be classified into five categories: (a) stress, (b) hemorrhagic diathesis or coagulopathy, (c) neonatal stress, (d) underlying adrenal tumors, and (e) idiopathic disease. Computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging play an important role in diagnosis and management. CT is the modality of choice for evaluation of adrenal hemorrhage in a patient with a history of stress or a hemorrhagic diathesis or coagulopathy (anticoagulant therapy). CT may yield the first clue to the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency secondary to bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage; such insufficiency is rare but life threatening. US is the modality of choice for evaluation of neonatal hematoma, and MR imaging is helpful for further characterization. MR imaging is also useful in the diagnosis of coexistent renal vein thrombosis. When an adrenal abscess is suspected, percutaneous aspiration and drainage under imaging guidance should be performed. Hemorrhage into an adrenal cyst or tumor can cause acute onset of symptoms and signs in a patient without discernible risk factors for adrenal hemorrhage. A hemorrhagic adrenal tumor should be suspected when CT or MR imaging reveals a hemorrhagic adrenal mass of heterogeneous attenuation or signal intensity that demonstrates enhancement.
KW - Adrenal gland, CT, 86.1211
KW - Adrenal gland, MR, 86.1214
KW - Adrenal gland, US, 86.1298
KW - Adrenal gland, abnormalities, 86.18
KW - Adrenal gland, abscess, 86.211
KW - Adrenal gland, hemorrhage, 86.546
KW - Adrenal gland, insufficiency, 86.549
KW - Adrenal gland, neoplasms, 86.30
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U2 - 10.1148/radiographics.19.4.g99jl13949
DO - 10.1148/radiographics.19.4.g99jl13949
M3 - Article
C2 - 10464802
AN - SCOPUS:0033160942
SN - 0271-5333
VL - 19
SP - 949
EP - 963
JO - Radiographics
JF - Radiographics
IS - 4
ER -