TY - JOUR
T1 - Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008
T2 - a systematic analysis
AU - Black, Robert E.
AU - Cousens, Simon
AU - Johnson, Hope L.
AU - Lawn, Joy E.
AU - Rudan, Igor
AU - Bassani, Diego G.
AU - Jha, Prabhat
AU - Campbell, Harry
AU - Walker, Christa Fischer
AU - Cibulskis, Richard
AU - Eisele, Thomas
AU - Liu, Li
AU - Mathers, Colin
N1 - Funding Information:
The study was supported by WHO and UNICEF funding for meetings, and by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the US Fund for UNICEF for CHERG; the neonatal estimates were also supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to Saving Newborn Lives/Save the Children; and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria provided funding for validation of WHO estimates of country burdens. Throughout the development of the estimates, technical input was provided by WHO staff, including Rajiv Bahl, Ties Boerma, Thomas Cherian, Olivier Fontaine, Fiona Gore, Raymond Hutubessy, Jose Martines, Lulu Muhe, and Shamim Qazi, and by UNICEF staff, including David Brown, Mark Young, and Mickey Chopra. We thank Mikkel Oestergaard and Mie Inoue of WHO for collaboration on estimates of the total number of deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years; Doris Ma Fat and Veronique Joseph of WHO for analysis of WHO death registration data; Cynthia Boschi Pinto of WHO and Nancy Binkin of UNICEF for coordinating the participation of their respective institutions; Carolyn Weidemann for coordinating the grant in support of CHERG from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Kit Chan and Yan Guo for collaboration on the estimates from China; Rajesh Kumar and Shally Awasthi for collaboration on the estimates from India; Alma Adler and Shefali Oza for their contributions to updating of the neonatal databases and early versions of the neonatal models; Martin Aryee for assistance with the diarrhoea mortality analyses; and Laura Lamberti for preparation of the figures.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2010
Y1 - 2010
N2 - Background: Up-to-date information on the causes of child deaths is crucial to guide global efforts to improve child survival. We report new estimates for 2008 of the major causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Methods: We used multicause proportionate mortality models to estimate deaths in neonates aged 0-27 days and children aged 1-59 months, and selected single-cause disease models and analysis of vital registration data when available to estimate causes of child deaths. New data from China and India permitted national data to be used for these countries instead of predictions based on global statistical models, as was done previously. We estimated proportional causes of death for 193 countries, and by application of these proportions to the country-specific mortality rates in children younger than 5 years and birth rates, the numbers of deaths by cause were calculated for countries, regions, and the world. Findings: Of the estimated 8·795 million deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide in 2008, infectious diseases caused 68% (5·970 million), with the largest percentages due to pneumonia (18%, 1·575 million, uncertainty range [UR] 1·046 million-1·874 million), diarrhoea (15%, 1·336 million, 0·822 million-2·004 million), and malaria (8%, 0·732 million, 0·601 million-0·851 million). 41% (3·575 million) of deaths occurred in neonates, and the most important single causes were preterm birth complications (12%, 1·033 million, UR 0·717 million-1·216 million), birth asphyxia (9%, 0·814 million, 0·563 million-0·997 million), sepsis (6%, 0·521 million, 0·356 million-0·735 million), and pneumonia (4%, 0·386 million, 0·264 million-0·545 million). 49% (4·294 million) of child deaths occurred in five countries: India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and China. Interpretation: These country-specific estimates of the major causes of child deaths should help to focus national programmes and donor assistance. Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4, to reduce child mortality by two-thirds, is only possible if the high numbers of deaths are addressed by maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. Funding: WHO, UNICEF, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
AB - Background: Up-to-date information on the causes of child deaths is crucial to guide global efforts to improve child survival. We report new estimates for 2008 of the major causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Methods: We used multicause proportionate mortality models to estimate deaths in neonates aged 0-27 days and children aged 1-59 months, and selected single-cause disease models and analysis of vital registration data when available to estimate causes of child deaths. New data from China and India permitted national data to be used for these countries instead of predictions based on global statistical models, as was done previously. We estimated proportional causes of death for 193 countries, and by application of these proportions to the country-specific mortality rates in children younger than 5 years and birth rates, the numbers of deaths by cause were calculated for countries, regions, and the world. Findings: Of the estimated 8·795 million deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide in 2008, infectious diseases caused 68% (5·970 million), with the largest percentages due to pneumonia (18%, 1·575 million, uncertainty range [UR] 1·046 million-1·874 million), diarrhoea (15%, 1·336 million, 0·822 million-2·004 million), and malaria (8%, 0·732 million, 0·601 million-0·851 million). 41% (3·575 million) of deaths occurred in neonates, and the most important single causes were preterm birth complications (12%, 1·033 million, UR 0·717 million-1·216 million), birth asphyxia (9%, 0·814 million, 0·563 million-0·997 million), sepsis (6%, 0·521 million, 0·356 million-0·735 million), and pneumonia (4%, 0·386 million, 0·264 million-0·545 million). 49% (4·294 million) of child deaths occurred in five countries: India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and China. Interpretation: These country-specific estimates of the major causes of child deaths should help to focus national programmes and donor assistance. Achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4, to reduce child mortality by two-thirds, is only possible if the high numbers of deaths are addressed by maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. Funding: WHO, UNICEF, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60549-1
DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60549-1
M3 - Article
C2 - 20466419
AN - SCOPUS:77953002425
SN - 0140-6736
VL - 375
SP - 1969
EP - 1987
JO - The Lancet
JF - The Lancet
IS - 9730
ER -