Genetic variation in the prostaglandin E₂ pathway is associated with primary graft dysfunction

Rationale: Biologic pathways with significant genetic conservation across human populations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of primary graft dysfunction (PGD). The evaluation of the role of recipient genetic variation in PGD has thus far been limited to single, candidate gene analyses. Objectives:Wesought to identify genetic variants in lung transplant recipients that are responsible for increased risk of PGD using a twophase large-scale genotyping approach. Methods: Phase 1 was a large-scale candidate gene association study of the multicenter, prospective Lung Transplant Outcomes Group cohort. Phase 2 included functional evaluation of selected variants and a bioinformatics screening of variants identified in phase 1. Measurements and Main Results: After genetic data quality control, 680 lung transplant recipients were included in the analysis. In phase 1, a total of 17 variants were significantly associated with PGD, four of which were in the prostaglandin E₂ family of genes. Among these were a coding variant in the gene encoding prostaglandin E2 synthase (PTGES2; P = 9.3 3 1025) resulting in an arginine to histidine substitution at amino acid position 298, and three variants in a block containing the 59 promoter and first intron of the PTGER4 gene (encoding prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 4; all P , 5 3 1025). Functional evaluation in regulatory T cells identified that rs4434423A in the PTGER4 gene was associated with differential suppressive function of regulatory T cells. Conclusions: Further research aimed at replication and additional functional insight into the role played by genetic variation in prostaglandin E₂ synthetic and signaling pathways in PGD is warranted.