TY - JOUR
T1 - Gender Stereotypes of Personality
T2 - Universal and Accurate?
AU - Löckenhoff, Corinna E.
AU - Chan, Wayne
AU - McCrae, Robert R.
AU - De Fruyt, Filip
AU - Jussim, Lee
AU - De Bolle, Marleen
AU - Costa, Paul T.
AU - Sutin, Angelina R.
AU - Realo, Anu
AU - Allik, Jüri
AU - Nakazato, Katsuharu
AU - Shimonaka, Yoshiko
AU - Hřebíčková, Martina
AU - Graf, Sylvie
AU - Yik, Michelle
AU - Ficková, Emília
AU - Brunner-Sciarra, Marina
AU - Leibovich de Figueora, Nora
AU - Schmidt, Vanina
AU - Ahn, Chang kyu
AU - Ahn, Hyun nie
AU - Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E.
AU - Siuta, Jerzy
AU - Szmigielska, Barbara
AU - Cain, Thomas R.
AU - Crawford, Jarret T.
AU - Mastor, Khairul Anwar
AU - Rolland, Jean Pierre
AU - Nansubuga, Florence
AU - Miramontez, Daniel R.
AU - Benet-Martínez, Veronica
AU - Rossier, Jérôme
AU - Bratko, Denis
AU - Marušić, Iris
AU - Halberstadt, Jamin
AU - Yamaguchi, Mami
AU - Knežević, Goran
AU - Martin, Thomas A.
AU - Gheorghiu, Mirona
AU - Smith, Peter B.
AU - Barbaranelli, Claudio
AU - Wang, Lei
AU - Shakespeare-Finch, Jane
AU - Lima, Margarida P.
AU - Klinkosz, Waldemar
AU - Sekowski, Andrzej
AU - Alcalay, Lidia
AU - Simonetti, Franco
AU - Avdeyeva, Tatyana V.
AU - Pramila, V. S.S.
AU - Terracciano, Antonio
N1 - Funding Information:
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging. Realo and Allik were supported by grants from the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (SF0180029s08 and IUT2-13). Hřebíčková and Graf were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (13-25656S) and by the Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (RVO: 68081740).
PY - 2014/6
Y1 - 2014/6
N2 - Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.
AB - Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.
KW - developmental: child/adolescent
KW - developmental: elderly
KW - gender/sex roles
KW - personality
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U2 - 10.1177/0022022113520075
DO - 10.1177/0022022113520075
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84899860497
SN - 0022-0221
VL - 45
SP - 675
EP - 694
JO - Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
JF - Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
IS - 5
ER -