TY - JOUR
T1 - Functional recovery after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury
T2 - A role for cognitive reserve?
AU - Schneider, Eric B.
AU - Sur, Sandeepa
AU - Raymont, Vanessa
AU - Duckworth, Josh
AU - Kowalski, Robert G.
AU - Efron, David T.
AU - Hui, Xuan
AU - Selvarajah, Shalini
AU - Hambridge, Hali L.
AU - Stevens, Robert D.
PY - 2014/5/6
Y1 - 2014/5/6
N2 - Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that educational attainment, a marker of cognitive reserve, is a predictor of disability-free recovery (DFR) after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Retrospective study of the TBI Model Systems Database, a prospective multicenter cohort funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Patients were included if they were admitted for rehabilitation after moderate to severe TBI, were aged 23 years or older, and had at least 1 year of follow-up. The main outcome measure was DFR 1 year post-injury, defined as a Disability Rating Scale score of zero. Results: Of 769 patients included, 214 (27.8%) achieved DFR at 1 year. In total, 185 patients (24.1%) had <12 years of education, while 390 (50.7%) and 194 patients (25.2%) had 12 to 15 years and ≥16 years of education, respectively. DFR was achieved by 18 patients (9.7%) with <12 years, 120 (30.8%) with 12 to 15 years, and 76 (39.2%) with ≥16 years of education (p < 0.001). In a logistic regression model controlling for age, sex, and injury- and rehabilitation-specific factors, duration of education of ≥12 years was independently associated with DFR (odds ratio 4.74, 95% confidence interval 2.70-8.32 for 12-15 years; odds ratio 7.24, 95% confidence interval 3.96-13.23 for ≥16 years). Conclusion: Educational attainment was a robust independent predictor of 1-year DFR even when adjusting for other prognostic factors. A dose-response relationship was noted, with longer educational exposure associated with increased odds of DFR. This suggests that cognitive reserve could be a factor driving neural adaptation during recovery from TBI.
AB - Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that educational attainment, a marker of cognitive reserve, is a predictor of disability-free recovery (DFR) after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Retrospective study of the TBI Model Systems Database, a prospective multicenter cohort funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Patients were included if they were admitted for rehabilitation after moderate to severe TBI, were aged 23 years or older, and had at least 1 year of follow-up. The main outcome measure was DFR 1 year post-injury, defined as a Disability Rating Scale score of zero. Results: Of 769 patients included, 214 (27.8%) achieved DFR at 1 year. In total, 185 patients (24.1%) had <12 years of education, while 390 (50.7%) and 194 patients (25.2%) had 12 to 15 years and ≥16 years of education, respectively. DFR was achieved by 18 patients (9.7%) with <12 years, 120 (30.8%) with 12 to 15 years, and 76 (39.2%) with ≥16 years of education (p < 0.001). In a logistic regression model controlling for age, sex, and injury- and rehabilitation-specific factors, duration of education of ≥12 years was independently associated with DFR (odds ratio 4.74, 95% confidence interval 2.70-8.32 for 12-15 years; odds ratio 7.24, 95% confidence interval 3.96-13.23 for ≥16 years). Conclusion: Educational attainment was a robust independent predictor of 1-year DFR even when adjusting for other prognostic factors. A dose-response relationship was noted, with longer educational exposure associated with increased odds of DFR. This suggests that cognitive reserve could be a factor driving neural adaptation during recovery from TBI.
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U2 - 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000379
DO - 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000379
M3 - Article
C2 - 24759845
AN - SCOPUS:84902213979
SN - 0028-3878
VL - 82
SP - 1636
EP - 1642
JO - Neurology
JF - Neurology
IS - 18
ER -