@article{ff9aa782d40c4de7b82be967a8dafc31,
title = "Functional and structural brain correlates of risk for major depression in children with familial depression",
abstract = "Despite growing evidence for atypical amygdala function and structure in major depression, it remains uncertain as to whether these brain differences reflect the clinical state of depression or neurobiological traits that predispose individuals to major depression. We examined function and structure of the amygdala and associated areas in a group of unaffected children of depressed parents (at-risk group) and a group of children of parents without a history of major depression (control group). Compared to the control group, the at-risk group showed increased activation to fearful relative to neutral facial expressions in the amygdala and multiple cortical regions, and decreased activation to happy relative to neutral facial expressions in the anterior cingulate cortex and supramarginal gyrus. At-risk children also exhibited reduced amygdala volume. The extensive hyperactivation to negative facial expressions and hypoactivation to positive facial expressions in at-risk children are consistent with behavioral evidence that risk for major depression involves a bias to attend to negative information. These functional and structural brain differences between at-risk children and controls suggest that there are trait neurobiological underpinnings of risk for major depression.",
keywords = "Amygdala volume, Children, Emotional faces, Familial risk, Major depression, fMRI",
author = "Chai, {Xiaoqian J.} and Dina Hirshfeld-Becker and Joseph Biederman and Mai Uchida and Oliver Doehrmann and Leonard, {Julia A.} and John Salvatore and Tara Kenworthy and Ariel Brown and Elana Kagan and {De Los Angeles}, Carlo and Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli and Gabrieli, {John D.E.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Dr. Joseph Biederman is currently receiving research support from the following sources: The Department of Defense, AACAP, Alcobra, Forest Research Institute, Ironshore, Lundbeck, Magceutics Inc., Merck, PamLab, Pfizer, Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc., SPRITES, Sunovion, Vaya Pharma/Enzymotec, and NIH. In 2014, Dr. Joseph Biederman received honoraria from the MGH Psychiatry Academy for tuition-funded CME courses. He has a US Patent Application pending (Provisional Number #61/233,686) through MGH corporate licensing, on a method to prevent stimulant abuse. Dr. Biederman received departmental royalties from a copyrighted rating scale used for ADHD diagnoses, paid by Ingenix, Prophase, Shire, Bracket Global, Sunovion, and Theravance; these royalties were paid to the Department of Psychiatry at MGH. Funding Information: We wish to thank Gretchen Reynolds, Daniel O'Young and Jiahe Zhang for their help with collecting imaging data. This research was carried out at the Athinoula A. Martinos Imaging Center at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Massachusetts general hospital. The study was supported by the National Institute of Health (NIH) grants to JB ( R01 HD036317 ; R01 MH050657 ), the Tommy Fuss Fund , the Poitras Center for Affective Disorders Research , and the MGH Pediatric Psychopharmacology Council Fund . The original participant recruitment was supported by NIH grants to DHB ( R01 MH636833 ; R01 MH/CHD076923 ), and R01 MH47077 (PI: Rosenbaum). The funding sources had no involvement in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.",
year = "2015",
month = jun,
day = "8",
doi = "10.1016/j.nicl.2015.05.004",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "8",
pages = "398--407",
journal = "NeuroImage: Clinical",
issn = "2213-1582",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
}