Food Marketing Practices of Major Online Grocery Retailers in the United States, 2019-2020

Background: Food marketing influences consumers’ preferences for and selection of marketed products. Although a substantial body of research has described food-marketing practices in brick-and-mortar stores, no research has examined food marketing in online grocery retail despite its growing importance as a source of food-at-home purchases. Objective: To develop and apply a coding instrument to describe food marketing and the nutritional quality of marketed products in online grocery stores. Design: Quantitative content analysis and review of product Nutrition Facts labels and ingredients lists to calculate nutrient density and level of processing using the NOVA classification system. Participants/setting: Foods and beverages (n = 3,473) marketed in the top revenue-generating online grocery retailers and those participating in the US Department of Agriculture Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Online Purchasing Pilot (n = 21) in 2019-2020. Main outcome measures: Use of marketing mix strategies (ie, product, placement, promotion, and pricing) across retailers and nutritional quality of marketed products. Products were considered of poor nutritional quality in the case that they were ultraprocessed (NOVA category 4) and excessive in sodium, saturated fat, free sugars, and/or other sweeteners. Products were also classified into 13 mutually exclusive food groups. Statistical tests performed: The proportion of retailers using each marketing strategy, proportion of products of poor nutritional quality, and proportion of products in each food group were calculated. Results: Retailers commonly used product recommendations, search result ordering, branded website content, user-generated content, and social media engagement to market products online. Candy, sweets, and snacks made up the largest percentage of marketed products (17.3%), followed by fruit, vegetables, and legumes (16.7%). Most (62%) marketed products were of poor nutritional quality. Staple food categories such as fruits, vegetables, and grains were frequently marketed, particularly through price reductions and product recommendations. Conclusions: Online grocery retailers use a variety of customizable food marketing strategies on their websites. Although most marketed products are of poor nutritional quality, there is potential for marketing of staple food categories online that is not feasible in a brick-and-mortar store.