TY - JOUR
T1 - Eukaryotic copper-only superoxide dismutases (SODs)
T2 - A new class of SOD enzymes and SOD-like protein domains
AU - Robinett, Natalie G.
AU - Peterson, Ryan L.
AU - Culotta, Valeria C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM50016 (to V. C. C.). This is the fourth article in the Thematic Minireview series “Metals in Biology 2018: Copper homeostasis and utilization in redox enzymes.” The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the con-tents of this article. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Insti-tutes of Health.
PY - 2018/3/30
Y1 - 2018/3/30
N2 - The copper-containing superoxide dismutases (SODs) represent a large family of enzymes that participate in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species by disproportionating superoxide anion radical to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Catalysis is driven by the redox-active copper ion, and in most cases, SODs also harbor a zinc at the active site that enhances copper catalysis and stabilizes the protein. Such bimetallic Cu,Zn-SODs are widespread, from the periplasm of bacteria to virtually every organelle in the human cell. However, a new class of copper-containing SODs has recently emerged that function without zinc. These copper-only enzymes serve as extracellular SODs in specific bacteria (i.e. Mycobacteria), throughout the fungal kingdom, and in the fungus-like oomycetes. The eukaryotic copper-only SODs are particularly unique in that they lack an electrostatic loop for substrate guidance and have an unusual open-access copper site, yet they can still react with superoxide at rates limited only by diffusion. Copper-only SOD sequences similar to those seen in fungi and oomycetes are also found in the animal kingdom, but rather than single-domain enzymes, they appear as tandem repeats in large polypeptides we refer to as CSRPs (copper-only SOD-repeat proteins). Here, we compare and contrast the Cu,Zn versus copper-only SODs and discuss the evolution of copper-only SOD protein domains in animals and fungi.
AB - The copper-containing superoxide dismutases (SODs) represent a large family of enzymes that participate in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species by disproportionating superoxide anion radical to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Catalysis is driven by the redox-active copper ion, and in most cases, SODs also harbor a zinc at the active site that enhances copper catalysis and stabilizes the protein. Such bimetallic Cu,Zn-SODs are widespread, from the periplasm of bacteria to virtually every organelle in the human cell. However, a new class of copper-containing SODs has recently emerged that function without zinc. These copper-only enzymes serve as extracellular SODs in specific bacteria (i.e. Mycobacteria), throughout the fungal kingdom, and in the fungus-like oomycetes. The eukaryotic copper-only SODs are particularly unique in that they lack an electrostatic loop for substrate guidance and have an unusual open-access copper site, yet they can still react with superoxide at rates limited only by diffusion. Copper-only SOD sequences similar to those seen in fungi and oomycetes are also found in the animal kingdom, but rather than single-domain enzymes, they appear as tandem repeats in large polypeptides we refer to as CSRPs (copper-only SOD-repeat proteins). Here, we compare and contrast the Cu,Zn versus copper-only SODs and discuss the evolution of copper-only SOD protein domains in animals and fungi.
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U2 - 10.1074/jbc.TM117.000182
DO - 10.1074/jbc.TM117.000182
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29259135
AN - SCOPUS:85044922261
VL - 293
SP - 4636
EP - 4643
JO - Journal of Biological Chemistry
JF - Journal of Biological Chemistry
SN - 0021-9258
IS - 13
ER -