Emtricitabine prodrugs with improved anti-hiv activity and cellular uptake

Three fatty acyl conjugates of (-)-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro- 3′-thiacytidine (FTC, emtricitabine) were synthesized and evaluated against HIV-1 cell-free and cell-associated virus and compared with the corresponding parent nucleoside and physical mixtures of FTC and fatty acids. Among all the compounds, the myristoylated conjugate of FTC (5, EC₅₀ = 0.07-3.7 μM) displayed the highest potency. Compound 5 exhibited 10-24 and 3-13-times higher anti-HIV activity than FTC alone (EC₅₀ = 0.7-88.6 μM) and the corresponding physical mixtures of FTC and myristic acid (14, EC₅₀ = 0.2-20 μM), respectively. Cellular uptake studies confirmed that compound 5 accumulated intracellularly after 1 h of incubation and underwent intracellular hydrolysis in CCRF-CEM cells. Alternative studies were conducted using the carboxyfluorescein conjugated with FTC though β-alanine (12) and 12-aminododecanoic acid (13). Acylation of FTC with a long-chain fatty acid in 13 improved its cellular uptake by 8.5-20 fold in comparison to 12 with a short-chain β-alanine. Compound 5 (IC₉₀ = 15.7-16.1 nM) showed 6.6- and 35.2 times higher activity than FTC (IC₉₀ = 103-567 nM) against multidrug resistant viruses B-NNRTI and B-K65R, indicating that FTC conjugation with myristic acid generates a more potent analogue with a better resistance profile than its parent compound.