TY - JOUR
T1 - Emerging role of immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma—Future directions and novel therapies
AU - Park, Jong Chul
AU - Hahn, Noah M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2016/12/1
Y1 - 2016/12/1
N2 - Tremendous advances in our understanding of the tumor immunology and molecular biology of urothelial carcinoma (UC) have led to the recent approval of immunotherapy as a novel option for patients with UC with advanced disease. Despite the promising data of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, only a small subset of patients with UC achieves durable remissions. Because an optimal antitumor response requires coordination of multiple immune, tumor, and microenvironment effector cells, novel approaches targeting distinct mechanisms of action likely in combination are needed. In addition, discovery of reliable immune biomarkers, understanding of mechanisms of resistance, and novel clinical trial designs are warranted for maximum benefit of UC immunotherapy.
AB - Tremendous advances in our understanding of the tumor immunology and molecular biology of urothelial carcinoma (UC) have led to the recent approval of immunotherapy as a novel option for patients with UC with advanced disease. Despite the promising data of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, only a small subset of patients with UC achieves durable remissions. Because an optimal antitumor response requires coordination of multiple immune, tumor, and microenvironment effector cells, novel approaches targeting distinct mechanisms of action likely in combination are needed. In addition, discovery of reliable immune biomarkers, understanding of mechanisms of resistance, and novel clinical trial designs are warranted for maximum benefit of UC immunotherapy.
KW - Combination immune therapy
KW - Immune biomarker
KW - Immunotherapy
KW - Novel clinical trial design
KW - Urothelial carcinoma
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84997354387&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84997354387&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.09.002
DO - 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.09.002
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27773553
AN - SCOPUS:84997354387
SN - 1078-1439
VL - 34
SP - 566
EP - 576
JO - Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
JF - Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
IS - 12
ER -