TY - JOUR
T1 - Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project (EMSOP) IV
T2 - Pain measurement in out-of-hospital outcomes research
AU - Maio, Ronald F.
AU - Garrison, Herbert G.
AU - Spaite, Daniel W.
AU - Desmond, Jeffrey S.
AU - Gregor, Mary Ann
AU - Stiell, Ian G.
AU - Cayten, C. Gene
AU - Chew, John L.
AU - MacKenzie, Ellen J.
AU - Miller, David R.
AU - O'Malley, Patricia J.
N1 - Funding Information:
Supported by the US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (Cooperative Agreement No. DTNH22-96-H-05245).
PY - 2002
Y1 - 2002
N2 - The purpose of the Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project (EMSOP) is to develop a foundation and framework for out-of-hospital outcomes research. In prior work (EMSOP I), discomfort had the highest weighted score among outcome categories for the top 3 adult conditions (ie, minor trauma, respiratory distress, chest pain) and the first and third highest rankings for children's conditions (ie, minor trauma, respiratory distress). In this fourth article in the EMSOP series, we discuss issues relevant to the measurement of pain in the out-of-hospital setting, recommended pain measures that require evaluation, and implications for outcomes research focusing on pain. For adults, adolescents, and older children, 2 verbal pain-rating scales are recommended for out-of-hospital evaluation: (1) the Adjective Response Scale, which includes the responses "none," "slight," "moderate," "severe," and "agonizing," and (2) the Numeric Response Scale, which includes responses from 0 (no pain) to 100 (worst pain imaginable). The Oucher Scale, combining a visual analog scale with pictures, seems most promising for out-of-hospital use among younger children. Future research in out-of-hospital care should be conducted to determine the utility and feasibility of these measures, as well as the effectiveness of interventions for pain relief.
AB - The purpose of the Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project (EMSOP) is to develop a foundation and framework for out-of-hospital outcomes research. In prior work (EMSOP I), discomfort had the highest weighted score among outcome categories for the top 3 adult conditions (ie, minor trauma, respiratory distress, chest pain) and the first and third highest rankings for children's conditions (ie, minor trauma, respiratory distress). In this fourth article in the EMSOP series, we discuss issues relevant to the measurement of pain in the out-of-hospital setting, recommended pain measures that require evaluation, and implications for outcomes research focusing on pain. For adults, adolescents, and older children, 2 verbal pain-rating scales are recommended for out-of-hospital evaluation: (1) the Adjective Response Scale, which includes the responses "none," "slight," "moderate," "severe," and "agonizing," and (2) the Numeric Response Scale, which includes responses from 0 (no pain) to 100 (worst pain imaginable). The Oucher Scale, combining a visual analog scale with pictures, seems most promising for out-of-hospital use among younger children. Future research in out-of-hospital care should be conducted to determine the utility and feasibility of these measures, as well as the effectiveness of interventions for pain relief.
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U2 - 10.1067/mem.2002.124756
DO - 10.1067/mem.2002.124756
M3 - Article
C2 - 12140496
AN - SCOPUS:18444367387
SN - 0196-0644
VL - 40
SP - 172
EP - 179
JO - Annals of emergency medicine
JF - Annals of emergency medicine
IS - 2
ER -