TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of Sodium Reduction and the DASH Diet in Relation to Baseline Blood Pressure
AU - Juraschek, Stephen P.
AU - Miller, Edgar R.
AU - Weaver, Connie M.
AU - Appel, Lawrence J.
N1 - Funding Information:
The DASH-Sodium trial was supported by cooperative agreements and grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (U01-HL57173, to Brigham and Women’s Hospital; U01-HL57114, to Duke University; U01-HL57190, to Pennington Biomedical Research Institute; U01-HL57139 and K08 HL03857-01, to Johns Hopkins University; and U01-HL57156, to Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research) and by the General Clinical Research Center Program of the National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR02635, to Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and M01-RR00722, to Johns Hopkins University). Dr. Juraschek was supported by a National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases T32DK007732-20 Renal Disease Epidemiology Training Grant and is supported by NIH/NHLBI grant K23HL135273-01. Dr. Weaver is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship. Dr. Weaver is on scientific advisory boards for Pharmavite, the International Life Sciences Institute, and Showalter; and has received a grant from the Alliance Potato Research and Education. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 American College of Cardiology Foundation
PY - 2017/12/12
Y1 - 2017/12/12
N2 - Background Both sodium reduction and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, and reduced in saturated fat and cholesterol, lower blood pressure. The separate and combined effects of these dietary interventions by baseline blood pressure (BP) has not been reported. Objectives The authors compared the effects of low versus high sodium, DASH versus control, and both (low sodium-DASH vs. high sodium-control diets) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) by baseline BP. Methods In the DASH-Sodium (Dietary Patterns, Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure) trial, adults with pre- or stage 1 hypertension and not using antihypertensive medications, were randomized to either DASH or a control diet. On either diet, participants were fed each of 3 sodium levels (50, 100, and 150 mmol/day at 2,100 kcal) in random order over 4 weeks separated by 5-day breaks. Strata of baseline SBP were <130, 130 to 139, 140 to 149, and ≥150 mm Hg. Results Of 412 participants, 57% were women, and 57% were black; mean age was 48 years, and mean SBP/diastolic BP was 135/86 mm Hg. In the context of the control diet, reducing sodium (from high to low) was associated with mean SBP differences of −3.20, −8.56, −8.99, and −7.04 mm Hg across the respective baseline SBP strata listed (p for trend = 0.004). In the context of high sodium, consuming the DASH compared with the control diet was associated with mean SBP differences of −4.5, −4.3, −4.7, and −10.6 mm Hg, respectively (p for trend = 0.66). The combined effects of the low sodium-DASH diet versus the high sodium-control diet on SBP were −5.3, −7.5, −9.7, and −20.8 mm Hg, respectively (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions The combination of reduced sodium intake and the DASH diet lowered SBP throughout the range of pre- and stage 1 hypertension, with progressively greater reductions at higher levels of baseline SBP. SBP reductions in adults with the highest levels of SBP (≥150 mm Hg) were striking and reinforce the importance of both sodium reduction and the DASH diet in this high-risk group. Further research is needed to determine the effects of these interventions among adults with SBP ≥160 mm Hg.
AB - Background Both sodium reduction and the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products, and reduced in saturated fat and cholesterol, lower blood pressure. The separate and combined effects of these dietary interventions by baseline blood pressure (BP) has not been reported. Objectives The authors compared the effects of low versus high sodium, DASH versus control, and both (low sodium-DASH vs. high sodium-control diets) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) by baseline BP. Methods In the DASH-Sodium (Dietary Patterns, Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure) trial, adults with pre- or stage 1 hypertension and not using antihypertensive medications, were randomized to either DASH or a control diet. On either diet, participants were fed each of 3 sodium levels (50, 100, and 150 mmol/day at 2,100 kcal) in random order over 4 weeks separated by 5-day breaks. Strata of baseline SBP were <130, 130 to 139, 140 to 149, and ≥150 mm Hg. Results Of 412 participants, 57% were women, and 57% were black; mean age was 48 years, and mean SBP/diastolic BP was 135/86 mm Hg. In the context of the control diet, reducing sodium (from high to low) was associated with mean SBP differences of −3.20, −8.56, −8.99, and −7.04 mm Hg across the respective baseline SBP strata listed (p for trend = 0.004). In the context of high sodium, consuming the DASH compared with the control diet was associated with mean SBP differences of −4.5, −4.3, −4.7, and −10.6 mm Hg, respectively (p for trend = 0.66). The combined effects of the low sodium-DASH diet versus the high sodium-control diet on SBP were −5.3, −7.5, −9.7, and −20.8 mm Hg, respectively (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions The combination of reduced sodium intake and the DASH diet lowered SBP throughout the range of pre- and stage 1 hypertension, with progressively greater reductions at higher levels of baseline SBP. SBP reductions in adults with the highest levels of SBP (≥150 mm Hg) were striking and reinforce the importance of both sodium reduction and the DASH diet in this high-risk group. Further research is needed to determine the effects of these interventions among adults with SBP ≥160 mm Hg.
KW - DASH
KW - blood pressure
KW - diet
KW - sodium
KW - trial
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011
DO - 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011
M3 - Article
C2 - 29141784
AN - SCOPUS:85034582194
SN - 0735-1097
VL - 70
SP - 2841
EP - 2848
JO - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
JF - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
IS - 23
ER -