TY - JOUR
T1 - Education influences the association between genetic variants and refractive error
T2 - A meta-analysis of five Singapore studies
AU - Fan, Qiao
AU - Wojciechowski, Robert
AU - Ikram, M. Kamran
AU - Cheng, Ching Yu
AU - Chen, Peng
AU - Zhou, Xin
AU - Pan, Chen Wei
AU - Khor, Chiea Chuen
AU - Tai, E. Shyong
AU - Aung, Tin
AU - Wong, Tien Yin
AU - Teo, Yik Ying
AU - Saw, Seang Mei
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (NMRC 0796/2003, NMRC 1176/2008, STaR/0003/2008; CG/SERI/2010), Biomedical Research Council, Singapore (06/1/21/19/466, 09/1/35/19/616 and 08/1/35/19/550). R.W. acknowledges funding from the US National Eye Institute grant #1K08EY022943.
PY - 2014/1
Y1 - 2014/1
N2 - Refractive error is a complex ocular trait governed by both genetic and environmental factors and possibly their interplay. Thus far, data on the interaction between genetic variants and environmental risk factors for refractive errors are largely lacking. By using findings from recent genome-wide association studies, we investigated whether the main environmental factor, education, modifies the effect of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms on refractive error among 8461 adults from five studies including ethnic Chinese, Malay and Indian residents of Singapore. Three genetic loci SHISA6-DNAH9, GJD2 and ZMAT4-SFRP1 exhibited a strong association with myopic refractive error in individuals with higher secondary or university education (SHISA6-DNAH9: rs2969180 A allele, β = -0.33 D, P = 3.6 × 10-6; GJD2: rs524952 A allele, β = -0.31 D, P = 1.68 × 10-5; ZMAT4-SFRP1: rs2137277 A allele, β = -0.47 D, P = 1.68 × 10-4), whereas the association at these loci was non-significant or of borderline significance in those with lower secondary education or below (P for interaction: 3.82 × 10-3-4.78 × 10-4). The evidence for interaction was strengthened when combining the genetic effects of these three loci (P for interaction = 4.40 × 10-8), and significant interactions with education were also observed for axial length and myopia. Our study shows that low level of education may attenuate the effect of risk alleles on myopia. These findings further underline the role of gene-environment interactions in the pathophysiology of myopia.
AB - Refractive error is a complex ocular trait governed by both genetic and environmental factors and possibly their interplay. Thus far, data on the interaction between genetic variants and environmental risk factors for refractive errors are largely lacking. By using findings from recent genome-wide association studies, we investigated whether the main environmental factor, education, modifies the effect of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms on refractive error among 8461 adults from five studies including ethnic Chinese, Malay and Indian residents of Singapore. Three genetic loci SHISA6-DNAH9, GJD2 and ZMAT4-SFRP1 exhibited a strong association with myopic refractive error in individuals with higher secondary or university education (SHISA6-DNAH9: rs2969180 A allele, β = -0.33 D, P = 3.6 × 10-6; GJD2: rs524952 A allele, β = -0.31 D, P = 1.68 × 10-5; ZMAT4-SFRP1: rs2137277 A allele, β = -0.47 D, P = 1.68 × 10-4), whereas the association at these loci was non-significant or of borderline significance in those with lower secondary education or below (P for interaction: 3.82 × 10-3-4.78 × 10-4). The evidence for interaction was strengthened when combining the genetic effects of these three loci (P for interaction = 4.40 × 10-8), and significant interactions with education were also observed for axial length and myopia. Our study shows that low level of education may attenuate the effect of risk alleles on myopia. These findings further underline the role of gene-environment interactions in the pathophysiology of myopia.
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U2 - 10.1093/hmg/ddt431
DO - 10.1093/hmg/ddt431
M3 - Article
C2 - 24014484
AN - SCOPUS:84894181679
SN - 0964-6906
VL - 23
SP - 546
EP - 554
JO - Human molecular genetics
JF - Human molecular genetics
IS - 2
ER -