@article{5b9d9d09b4d24d7d9330469a7d4fa49c,
title = "Do Muscles Constrain Skull Shape Evolution in Strepsirrhines?",
abstract = "Despite great interest and decades of research, the musculoskeletal relationships of the masticatory system in primates are still not fully understood. However, without a clear understanding of the interplay between muscles and bones it remains difficult to understand the functional significance of morphological traits of the skeleton. Here, we aim to study the impacts of the masticatory muscles on the shape of the cranium and the mandible as well as their co-variation in strepsirrhine primates. To do so, we use 3D geometric morphometric approaches to assess the shape of each bone of the skull of 20 species for which muscle data are available in the literature. Impacts of the masticatory muscles on the skull shape were assessed using non-phylogenetic regressions and phylogenetic regressions whereas co-variations were assessed using two-blocks partial least square (2B-PLS) and phylogenetic 2B-PLS. Our results show that there is a phylogenetic signal for skull shape and masticatory muscles. They also show that there is a significant impact of the masticatory muscles on cranial shape but not as much as on the mandible. The co-variations are also stronger between the masticatory muscles and cranial shape even when taking into account phylogeny. Interestingly, the results of co-variation between the masticatory muscles and mandibular shape show a more complex pattern in two different directions to get strong muscles associated with mandibular shape: a folivore way (with the bamboo lemurs and sifakas) and a hard-object eater one (with the aye-aye). Anat Rec, 301:291–310, 2018.",
keywords = "adaptation, masticatory system, muscle, primates, vertebrates",
author = "Fabre, {Anne Claire} and Perry, {Jonathan M.G.} and Adam Hartstone-Rose and Aur{\'o}Lien Lowie and Andy Boens and Ma{\"I}tena Dumont",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on a previous version of the manuscript. We thank J Cuisin, C Bens and A Verguin for access to the specimens from the collections Anatomie Compar{\'e}e, MNHN. E Gilissen and W Wendelen for access to the specimens from the collections of the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. We also thank MorphoSource for making scans available. Lynn Lucas and Lynn Copes provided access to these data, the acquisition of which was supported by NSF DDIG no. 0925793 and the Wenner Gren Foundation. We thank the Smithsonian{\textquoteright}s Division of Mammals (Dr. Kristofer Helgen) and Human Origins Program (Dr. Matt Tocheri) for the scans of USNM specimens used in this research (http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate). These scans were acquired through the generous support of the Smithsonian 2.0 Fund and the Smithsonian{\textquoteright}s Collections Care and Preservation Fund. We thank Amandine Blin and Michel Baylac from the “plate-forme de morphom{\'e}trie” of the UMS 2700 (CNRS, MNHN) for access to the surface scanner. A.C.F. thanks the Marie-Sk{\l}odowska Curie fellowship (EU project 655694 – GETAGRIP) for funding. The authors also thank R Cornette and DC Adams for their helpful discussions on this manuscript. Funding Information: Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. Grant sponsor: Marie-Sk{\l}odowska Curie fellowship; Grant number: EU project 655694 – GETAGRIP. *Correspondence to: Anne-Claire Fabre Mus{\'e}um National d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. e-mail: fabreac@gmail.com and anne-claire.fabre@mnhn.fr Marie-Sk{\l}odowska Curie fellowship (EU project 655694 – GETAGRIP) for funding. Received 10 February 2017; Revised 27 July 2017; Accepted 24 August 2017. DOI 10.1002/ar.23712 Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary. com). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
year = "2018",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1002/ar.23712",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "301",
pages = "291--310",
journal = "Anatomical Record",
issn = "1932-8486",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",
number = "2",
}