@article{2b49dda528224776932c9f4997f1dcca,
title = "Distribution and correlates of elevated total homocyst(e)ine: The stroke prevention in young women study",
abstract = "PURPOSE: To determine the distribution and correlates of elevated total homocyst(e)ine (tHcy) concentration in a population of premenopausal black and white women. METHODS: Data from the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study (N = 304), a population-based study of risk factors for stroke in women aged 15-44 years of age, were used to determine the distribution and correlates of elevated tHcy in black (N = 103) and white women (N = 201). RESULTS: The mean tHcy level for the population was 6.58 μmol/L (range 2.89- 26.5 μmol/L). Mean tHcy levels increased with age, cholesterol level, alcohol intake, and number of cigarettes smoked (all: p < 0.05). There were no race differences (mean tHcy 6.72 μmol/L among blacks and 6.51 μmol/L among whites; p = 0.4346). Regular use of multivitamins and increasing education was associated with significant reductions in tHcy concentration. Approximately 13% of the sample had elevated tHcy levels, defined as a tHcy concentration ≥ 10.0 μmol/L. Multivariate-adjusted correlates of elevated tHcy included education > 12 vs. ≤ 12 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2-0.8); smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes/day vs. nonsmokers (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.3); and the regular use of multivitamins (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a substantial proportion of healthy young premenopausal women have tHcy levels that increase their risk for vascular disease. A number of potentially modifiable behavioral and environmental factors appear to be significantly related to elevated tHcy levels in young women.",
keywords = "Correlates, Homocysteine, Race, Women",
author = "Giles, {Wayne H.} and Kittner, {Steven J.} and Croft, {Janet B.} and Wozniak, {Marcella A.} and Wityk, {Robert J.} and Stern, {Barney J.} and Sloan, {Michael A.} and Price, {Thomas R.} and McCarter, {Robert J.} and Macko, {Richard F.} and Johnson, {Constance J.} and Feeser, {Barbara R.} and Earley, {Christopher J.} and Buchholz, {David W.} and Stolley, {Paul D.}",
note = "Funding Information: Drs. Kittner, Price, and Sloan were supported by a Clinical Stroke Research Center Award (NS16332–11) and Dr. Wozniak by a Clinical Investigator Development Award (K08-NS01764–01A1) from the National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following individuals who have sponsored the Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study at their institution: Frank Anderson, MD; Clifford Andrew, MD, PhD; Christopher Bever, MD; Nicholas Buendia, MD; Young Ja Cho, MD; James Christensen, MD; Remzi Demir, MD; Terry Detrich, MD; John Eckholdt, MD; Nirmala Fernback, MD; Jerold Fleishman, MD; Benjamin Frishberg, MD; Stuart Goodman, MD, PhD; Norman Hershkowitz, MD, PhD; Luke Kao, MD, PhD; Mehrullah Khan, MD; Ramesh Khurana, MD; John Kurtzke, MD; William Leahy, MD; William Lightfoote II, MD; Bruce Lobar, MD; Micheal Miller, MD, PhD; Harshad Mody, MBBS; Marvin Mordes, MD; Seth Morgan, MD; Howard Moses, MD; Sivarama Nandipati, MD; Mark Ozer, MD; Roger Packer, MD; Thaddeus Pula, MD; Phillip Pulaski, MD; Naghbushan Rao, MD; Marc Raphaelson, MD; Solomon Robbins, MD; David Satinsky, MD; Elijah Saunders, MD; Micheal Sellman, MD, PhD; Arthur Siebens, MD (Deceased); Harold Stevens, MD, PhD; Dean Tippett, MD; Roger Weir, MD; Micheal Weinrich, MD; Richard Weisman, MD; Don Wood, MD (Deceased); and Mohammed Yaseen, MD. In addition, this study could not have been completed without the support from the administration and medical records staff at the following institutions: In Maryland, Anne Arundel Medical Center, Atlantic General Hospital, Bon Secours Hospital, Calvert Memorial Hospital, Carroll County General, Church Hospital Corporation, Doctors Community Hospital, Fallston General Hospital, Franklin Square Hospital Center, Frederick Memorial Hospital, The Good Samaritan Hospital of Maryland, Inc., Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Harbor Hospital Center, Hartford Memorial Hospital, Holy Cross Hospital, Johns Hopkins Bayview, Inc., The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Howard County General Hospital, Inc. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Kent and Queen Anne Hospital, Laurel Regional Hospital, Liberty Medical Center, Inc., Maryland General Hospital, McCready Memorial Hospital, Memorial Hospital at Easton, Mercy Medical Center, Montebello Rehabilitation Hospital, Montgomery General Hospital, North Arundel Hospital, Northwest Hospital Center, Peninsula Regional Medical Center, Physician{\textquoteright}s Memorial Hospital, Prince George{\textquoteright}s Hospital Center, Saint Agnes Hospital, Saint Joseph Hospital, Saint Mary{\textquoteright}s Hospital, Shady Grove Adventist Hospital, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Southern Maryland Hospital Center, Suburban Hospital, The Union Memorial Hospital, University of Maryland Medical System, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Baltimore, Washington Adventist Hospital and Washington County Hospital; in Washington DC, Children{\textquoteright}s National Medical Center, District of Columbia General Hospital, The George Washington University Medical Center, Georgetown University Hospital, Greater Southeast Community Hospital, Hadley Memorial Hospital, Howard University Hospital, National Rehabilitation Hospital, Providence Hospital, Sibley Memorial Hospital, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Washington Hospital Center; in Pennsylvania, Gettysburg Hospital and Hanover General Hospital.",
year = "1999",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/S1047-2797(99)00006-X",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "9",
pages = "307--313",
journal = "Annals of epidemiology",
issn = "1047-2797",
publisher = "Elsevier Inc.",
number = "5",
}