TY - JOUR
T1 - Dissemination of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Drug Resistance Genes Associated with Class 1 and Class 2 Integrons among Gram-Negative Bacteria from HIV Patients in South India
AU - Ramesh Kumar, Marimuthu Ragavan
AU - Arunagirinathan, Narasingam
AU - Srivani, Seetharaman
AU - Dhanasezhian, Aridoss
AU - Vijaykanth, Nallusamy
AU - Manikandan, Natesan
AU - Balakrishnan, Sethuramalingam
AU - Vignesh, Ramachandran
AU - Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu
AU - Solomon, Suniti
AU - Solomon, Sunil S.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2017.
Copyright:
Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/7
Y1 - 2017/7
N2 - The antibiotic, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), is generally used for prophylaxis in HIV individuals to protect them from Pneumocystis jiroveci infection. Long-term use of TMP-SMX develops drug resistance among bacteria in HIV patients. The study was aimed to detect the TMP-SMX resistance genes among gram-negative bacteria from HIV patients. TMP-SMX-resistant isolates were detected by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. While TMP resistance genes such as dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, and dfrA17 and SMX resistance genes such as sul1 and sul2 were detected by multiplex PCR, class 1 and class 2 integrons were detected by standard monoplex PCR. Of the 151 TMP-SMX-resistant bacterial isolates, 3 were positive for sul1 alone, 48 for sul2 alone, 11 for dfrA7 alone, 21 for sul1 and sul2, 1 for sul1 and dfrA7, 23 for sul2 and dfrA7, 2 for sul2 and dfrA5, 41 for sul1, sul2, and dfrA7, and 1 for sul2, dfrA5, and dfrA7. Of 60 TMP-SMX-resistant isolates positive for integrons, 44 had class 1 and 16 had class 2 integrons. It was found that the prevalence of sul genes (n = 202; p < 0.001) was higher compared with dfr genes (n = 80; p < 0.001), and 87.4% (n = 132; p < 0.001) of TMP-SMX-resistant isolates also were positive for β-lactamase production. This type of study is reported for the first time from HIV patients in India. Therefore, this study indicates that dissemination of TMP-SMX resistance genes and class 1 and class 2 integrons along with β-lactamase production among gram-negative bacteria in HIV patients will certainly make their treatment to bacterial infections more complicated in clinical settings.
AB - The antibiotic, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), is generally used for prophylaxis in HIV individuals to protect them from Pneumocystis jiroveci infection. Long-term use of TMP-SMX develops drug resistance among bacteria in HIV patients. The study was aimed to detect the TMP-SMX resistance genes among gram-negative bacteria from HIV patients. TMP-SMX-resistant isolates were detected by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. While TMP resistance genes such as dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, and dfrA17 and SMX resistance genes such as sul1 and sul2 were detected by multiplex PCR, class 1 and class 2 integrons were detected by standard monoplex PCR. Of the 151 TMP-SMX-resistant bacterial isolates, 3 were positive for sul1 alone, 48 for sul2 alone, 11 for dfrA7 alone, 21 for sul1 and sul2, 1 for sul1 and dfrA7, 23 for sul2 and dfrA7, 2 for sul2 and dfrA5, 41 for sul1, sul2, and dfrA7, and 1 for sul2, dfrA5, and dfrA7. Of 60 TMP-SMX-resistant isolates positive for integrons, 44 had class 1 and 16 had class 2 integrons. It was found that the prevalence of sul genes (n = 202; p < 0.001) was higher compared with dfr genes (n = 80; p < 0.001), and 87.4% (n = 132; p < 0.001) of TMP-SMX-resistant isolates also were positive for β-lactamase production. This type of study is reported for the first time from HIV patients in India. Therefore, this study indicates that dissemination of TMP-SMX resistance genes and class 1 and class 2 integrons along with β-lactamase production among gram-negative bacteria in HIV patients will certainly make their treatment to bacterial infections more complicated in clinical settings.
KW - AmpC
KW - ESBLs
KW - HIV
KW - MBL
KW - TMP-SMX
KW - dfrA7
KW - integrons
KW - sul1
KW - trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85022197919&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85022197919&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1089/mdr.2016.0034
DO - 10.1089/mdr.2016.0034
M3 - Article
C2 - 27854149
AN - SCOPUS:85022197919
SN - 1076-6294
VL - 23
SP - 602
EP - 608
JO - Microbial Drug Resistance
JF - Microbial Drug Resistance
IS - 5
ER -