TY - JOUR
T1 - Dietary Sources of Sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Women and Men Aged 40 to 59 Years
T2 - The INTERMAP Study
AU - Anderson, Cheryl A.M.
AU - Appel, Lawrence J.
AU - Okuda, Nagako
AU - Brown, Ian J.
AU - Chan, Queenie
AU - Zhao, Liancheng
AU - Ueshima, Hirotsugu
AU - Kesteloot, Hugo
AU - Miura, Katsuyuki
AU - Curb, J. David
AU - Yoshita, Katsushi
AU - Elliott, Paul
AU - Yamamoto, Monica E.
AU - Stamler, Jeremiah
N1 - Funding Information:
FUNDING/SUPPORT: The INTERMAP Study was supported by grant no. 2RO1-HL50490 from the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ; by the Chicago Health Research Foundation; and by national agencies in China, Japan (the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research (A), no. 090357003 ), and the United Kingdom.
PY - 2010/5
Y1 - 2010/5
N2 - Public health campaigns in several countries encourage population-wide reduced sodium (salt) intake, but excessive intake remains a major problem. Excessive sodium intake is independently related to adverse blood pressure and is a key factor in the epidemic of prehypertension/hypertension. Identification of food sources of sodium in modern diets is critical to effective reduction of sodium intake worldwide. We used data from the INTERMAP Study to define major food sources of sodium in diverse East Asian and Western population samples. INTERMAP is an international, cross-sectional, epidemiologic study of 4, 680 individuals ages 40 to 59 years from Japan (four samples), People's Republic of China (three rural samples), the United Kingdom (two samples), and the United States (eight samples); four in-depth, multipass 24-hour dietary recalls/person were used to identify foods accounting for most dietary sodium intake. In the People's Republic of China sample, most (76%) dietary sodium was from salt added in home cooking, about 50% less in southern than northern samples. In Japan, most (63%) dietary sodium came from soy sauce (20%), commercially processed fish/seafood (15%), salted soups (15%), and preserved vegetables (13%). Processed foods, including breads/cereals/grains, contributed heavily to sodium intake in the United Kingdom (95%) and the United States (for methodological reasons, underestimated at 71%). To prevent and control prehypertension/hypertension and improve health, efforts to remove excess sodium from diets in rural China should focus on reducing salt in home cooking. To avoid excess sodium intake in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, salt must be reduced in commercially processed foods.
AB - Public health campaigns in several countries encourage population-wide reduced sodium (salt) intake, but excessive intake remains a major problem. Excessive sodium intake is independently related to adverse blood pressure and is a key factor in the epidemic of prehypertension/hypertension. Identification of food sources of sodium in modern diets is critical to effective reduction of sodium intake worldwide. We used data from the INTERMAP Study to define major food sources of sodium in diverse East Asian and Western population samples. INTERMAP is an international, cross-sectional, epidemiologic study of 4, 680 individuals ages 40 to 59 years from Japan (four samples), People's Republic of China (three rural samples), the United Kingdom (two samples), and the United States (eight samples); four in-depth, multipass 24-hour dietary recalls/person were used to identify foods accounting for most dietary sodium intake. In the People's Republic of China sample, most (76%) dietary sodium was from salt added in home cooking, about 50% less in southern than northern samples. In Japan, most (63%) dietary sodium came from soy sauce (20%), commercially processed fish/seafood (15%), salted soups (15%), and preserved vegetables (13%). Processed foods, including breads/cereals/grains, contributed heavily to sodium intake in the United Kingdom (95%) and the United States (for methodological reasons, underestimated at 71%). To prevent and control prehypertension/hypertension and improve health, efforts to remove excess sodium from diets in rural China should focus on reducing salt in home cooking. To avoid excess sodium intake in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, salt must be reduced in commercially processed foods.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.007
DO - 10.1016/j.jada.2010.02.007
M3 - Article
C2 - 20430135
AN - SCOPUS:77951186837
SN - 0002-8223
VL - 110
SP - 736
EP - 745
JO - Journal of the American Dietetic Association
JF - Journal of the American Dietetic Association
IS - 5
ER -