TY - JOUR
T1 - Dietary sodium intake and sodium density in the United States
T2 - Estimates from NHANES 2005-2006 and 2015-2016
AU - Hu, Jiun Ruey
AU - Sahni, Shivani
AU - Mukamal, Kenneth J.
AU - Millar, Courtney L.
AU - Wu, Yingfei
AU - Appel, Lawrence J.
AU - Juraschek, Stephen P.
N1 - Funding Information:
S.P.J. is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) grant 7K23HL135273-02. J.R.H. is supported by the Linda Kao Memorial Collaboration Award from the Johns Hopkins Welch Center. S.S. is supported in part by National Institute on Aging (NIA) grant R01 AG051728 and NIA support of the Boston Claude D. Pepper Center Older American Independence Centers (OAIC; 1P30AG031679). C.L.M. is supported by NIA/NIH grant T32-AG023480.
Publisher Copyright:
© American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd 2020. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
PY - 2020/9/10
Y1 - 2020/9/10
N2 - BACKGROUND In the United States, current guidelines recommend a total sodium intake <2,300 mg/day, a guideline which does not consider kilocalorie intake. However, kilocalorie intake varies substantially by age and sex. We hypothesized that compared with sodium density, total sodium intake overestimates adherence to sodium recommendations, especially in adults consuming fewer kilocalories. METHODS In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimated the prevalence of adherence to sodium intake recommendations (<2,300 mg/day) and corresponding sodium density intake (<1.1 mg/kcal = 2,300 mg at 2,100 kcal) by sex, age, race/ ethnicity, and kilocalorie level. Adherence estimates were compared between the 2005-2006 (n = 5,060) and 2015-2016 (n = 5,266) survey periods. RESULTS In 2005-2006, 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.5, 24.9) of the US population consumed <2,300 mg of sodium/day, but only 8.5% (CI: 7.6, 9.4) consumed <1.1 mg/kcal in sodium density. In 2015-2016, these figures were 20.9% (CI: 18.8, 23.2) and 5.1% (CI: 4.4, 6.0), respectively. In 2015-2016, compared with 2005-2006, adherence by sodium density decreased more substantially (odds ratio = 0.59; CI: 0.48, 0.72; P < 0.001) than adherence by total sodium consumption (odds ratio = 0.85; CI: 0.73, 0.98; P = 0.03). The difference in adherence between total sodium and sodium density goals was greater among those with lower kilocalorie intake, namely, older adults, women, and Hispanic adults. CONCLUSIONS Adherence estimated by sodium density is substantially less than adherence estimated by total sodium intake, especially among persons with lower kilocalorie intake. Further efforts to achieve population-wide reduction in sodium density intake are urgently needed.
AB - BACKGROUND In the United States, current guidelines recommend a total sodium intake <2,300 mg/day, a guideline which does not consider kilocalorie intake. However, kilocalorie intake varies substantially by age and sex. We hypothesized that compared with sodium density, total sodium intake overestimates adherence to sodium recommendations, especially in adults consuming fewer kilocalories. METHODS In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimated the prevalence of adherence to sodium intake recommendations (<2,300 mg/day) and corresponding sodium density intake (<1.1 mg/kcal = 2,300 mg at 2,100 kcal) by sex, age, race/ ethnicity, and kilocalorie level. Adherence estimates were compared between the 2005-2006 (n = 5,060) and 2015-2016 (n = 5,266) survey periods. RESULTS In 2005-2006, 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.5, 24.9) of the US population consumed <2,300 mg of sodium/day, but only 8.5% (CI: 7.6, 9.4) consumed <1.1 mg/kcal in sodium density. In 2015-2016, these figures were 20.9% (CI: 18.8, 23.2) and 5.1% (CI: 4.4, 6.0), respectively. In 2015-2016, compared with 2005-2006, adherence by sodium density decreased more substantially (odds ratio = 0.59; CI: 0.48, 0.72; P < 0.001) than adherence by total sodium consumption (odds ratio = 0.85; CI: 0.73, 0.98; P = 0.03). The difference in adherence between total sodium and sodium density goals was greater among those with lower kilocalorie intake, namely, older adults, women, and Hispanic adults. CONCLUSIONS Adherence estimated by sodium density is substantially less than adherence estimated by total sodium intake, especially among persons with lower kilocalorie intake. Further efforts to achieve population-wide reduction in sodium density intake are urgently needed.
KW - Blood pressure
KW - Health disparities
KW - Hypertension
KW - NHANES
KW - Sodium consumption
KW - Sodium density
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U2 - 10.1093/ajh/hpaa104
DO - 10.1093/ajh/hpaa104
M3 - Article
C2 - 32619231
AN - SCOPUS:85090869671
SN - 0895-7061
VL - 33
SP - 825
EP - 830
JO - American Journal of Hypertension
JF - American Journal of Hypertension
IS - 9
ER -