TY - JOUR
T1 - Depressive symptoms are associated with subclinical cerebrovascular disease among healthy older women, not men
AU - Wendell, Carrington Rice
AU - Hosey, Megan M.
AU - Lefkowitz, David M.
AU - Katzel, Leslie I.
AU - Siegel, Eliot L.
AU - Rosenberger, William F.
AU - Waldstein, Shari R.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R29 AG15112, 2RO1 AG015112 , Bristol Myers Squibb Medical Imaging, Inc., NIH K24 AG00930 , a VA Merit Grant, the Department of Veterans Affairs Baltimore Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, and the Geriatrics and Gerontology Education and Research Program of the University of Maryland, Baltimore.
PY - 2010/10
Y1 - 2010/10
N2 - Background: Associations among diagnosed unipolar depression, depressive symptoms, and cerebrovascular disease are well known. However, minimal research has investigated whether sex may modify such associations, despite known sex differences in depression and depressive symptoms. This study examined whether depressive symptoms were disproportionately related to subclinical cerebrovascular disease (SCD) in women versus men. Methods: One hundred one older adults (58% men; mean age = 67 years), free of major comorbidities, completed the Beck Depression Inventory and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI scans were neuroradiologist rated for markers of SCD (periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities, and number of silent infarcts) and brain atrophy (ventricular enlargement and sulcal widening). Two rank-sum outcome variables (SCD and brain atrophy) were then created. Results: On average, depressive symptoms were relatively low in magnitude (mean = 3.8, standard deviation = 3.6, range = 0-17). Multiple regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, education, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, maximal oxygen consumption, body mass index, average weekly alcohol consumption, and Mini-Mental State Examination performance revealed sex to be a significant effect modifier of depressive symptoms in the prediction of SCD. Sex-stratified regression analyses indicated depressive symptoms, and SCD was strongly related among women but not men. Depressive symptoms were not related to brain atrophy, regardless of inclusion of sex as an effect modifier. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms, even in a subclinical range, are significantly associated with an MRI-derived index of SCD among women, but not men, in the present sample of relatively healthy older adults.
AB - Background: Associations among diagnosed unipolar depression, depressive symptoms, and cerebrovascular disease are well known. However, minimal research has investigated whether sex may modify such associations, despite known sex differences in depression and depressive symptoms. This study examined whether depressive symptoms were disproportionately related to subclinical cerebrovascular disease (SCD) in women versus men. Methods: One hundred one older adults (58% men; mean age = 67 years), free of major comorbidities, completed the Beck Depression Inventory and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI scans were neuroradiologist rated for markers of SCD (periventricular and deep white matter hyperintensities, and number of silent infarcts) and brain atrophy (ventricular enlargement and sulcal widening). Two rank-sum outcome variables (SCD and brain atrophy) were then created. Results: On average, depressive symptoms were relatively low in magnitude (mean = 3.8, standard deviation = 3.6, range = 0-17). Multiple regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, education, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, maximal oxygen consumption, body mass index, average weekly alcohol consumption, and Mini-Mental State Examination performance revealed sex to be a significant effect modifier of depressive symptoms in the prediction of SCD. Sex-stratified regression analyses indicated depressive symptoms, and SCD was strongly related among women but not men. Depressive symptoms were not related to brain atrophy, regardless of inclusion of sex as an effect modifier. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms, even in a subclinical range, are significantly associated with an MRI-derived index of SCD among women, but not men, in the present sample of relatively healthy older adults.
KW - Depression
KW - MRI
KW - depressive symptoms
KW - silent infarcts
KW - subclinical cerebrovascular disease
KW - white matter hyperintensities
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U2 - 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181d57a2b
DO - 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181d57a2b
M3 - Article
C2 - 20808084
AN - SCOPUS:77958039225
SN - 1064-7481
VL - 18
SP - 940
EP - 947
JO - American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
JF - American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
IS - 10
ER -