TY - JOUR
T1 - Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
T2 - The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
AU - Golden, Sherita Hill
AU - Williams, Janice E.
AU - Ford, Daniel E.
AU - Yeh, Hsin Chieh
AU - Sanford, Catherine Paton
AU - Nieto, F. Javier
AU - Brancati, Frederick L.
PY - 2004/2
Y1 - 2004/2
N2 - OBJECTIVE - The goal of this study was to determine whether depressive symptoms predict type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We analyzed data on depressive symptoms (including recent fatigue, sleep disturbance, feelings of hopelessness, loss of libido, and increased irritability) in a longitudinal, biracial cohort study of 11,615 initially nondiabetic adults aged 48-67 years, who were subsequently followed for 6 years for the development of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS - At baseline, depressive symptoms were positively associated with BMI, fasting insulin, systolic blood pressure, caloric intake, physical inactivity, and current smoking (all P < 0.05). In prospective analyses, after adjusting for age, race, sex, and education, individuals in the highest quartile of depressive symptoms had a 63% increased risk of developing diabetes compared with those in the lowest quartile (relative hazard [RH] 1.63, 95% CI 1.31-2.02). This relation persisted after adjustment for stress-associated lifestyle factors (smoking, physical activity, caloric intake, and adiposity) (1.28, 1.02-1.60) and metabolic covariates (fasting insulin and glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and adiposity) (1.38, 1.10-1.73). CONCLUSIONS - In this cohort, depressive symptoms predicted incident type 2 diabetes. This relation is only partially explained by demographic, metabolic, and lifestyle factors. Possible neuroendocrine mediators of the stress-obesity-diabetes relationship require further evaluation in prospective cohort studies that use an established tool to assess depression and incorporate neurohormonal measurements.
AB - OBJECTIVE - The goal of this study was to determine whether depressive symptoms predict type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We analyzed data on depressive symptoms (including recent fatigue, sleep disturbance, feelings of hopelessness, loss of libido, and increased irritability) in a longitudinal, biracial cohort study of 11,615 initially nondiabetic adults aged 48-67 years, who were subsequently followed for 6 years for the development of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS - At baseline, depressive symptoms were positively associated with BMI, fasting insulin, systolic blood pressure, caloric intake, physical inactivity, and current smoking (all P < 0.05). In prospective analyses, after adjusting for age, race, sex, and education, individuals in the highest quartile of depressive symptoms had a 63% increased risk of developing diabetes compared with those in the lowest quartile (relative hazard [RH] 1.63, 95% CI 1.31-2.02). This relation persisted after adjustment for stress-associated lifestyle factors (smoking, physical activity, caloric intake, and adiposity) (1.28, 1.02-1.60) and metabolic covariates (fasting insulin and glucose, lipids, blood pressure, and adiposity) (1.38, 1.10-1.73). CONCLUSIONS - In this cohort, depressive symptoms predicted incident type 2 diabetes. This relation is only partially explained by demographic, metabolic, and lifestyle factors. Possible neuroendocrine mediators of the stress-obesity-diabetes relationship require further evaluation in prospective cohort studies that use an established tool to assess depression and incorporate neurohormonal measurements.
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U2 - 10.2337/diacare.27.2.429
DO - 10.2337/diacare.27.2.429
M3 - Article
C2 - 14747224
AN - SCOPUS:0842304923
SN - 0149-5992
VL - 27
SP - 429
EP - 435
JO - Diabetes care
JF - Diabetes care
IS - 2
ER -