TY - JOUR
T1 - Current and emerging treatment options for castration-resistant prostate cancer
T2 - A focus on immunotherapy
AU - Gerritsen, Winald R.
AU - Sharma, Padmanee
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments Dr. Sharma was supported in part by a Challenge Grant in Immunology from the Prostate Cancer Foundation and a Mentored Scholar Grant from the American Cancer Society. The authors wish to thank Charles Drake, MD, PhD, of the Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center for his contributions to scientific discussion and critical review of the manuscript. Writing and editorial support was provided by StemScientific, funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
PY - 2012/2
Y1 - 2012/2
N2 - Background Castration-resistant prostate cancer is a disease with limited treatment options. However, the ongoing elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this disease continues to support the development of not only novel agents, but also innovative approaches. Among these therapies, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy. Design This review article summarizes the most recent data from investigations of immunotherapies in castrationresistant prostate cancer (literature and congress searches current as of August 2011). Results Immunotherapeutic strategies such as passive immunization, vaccines, and particularly checkpoint blockade have demonstrated some efficacy as single agents. Elucidation of effective combinations of agents and drug regimens is ongoing but will require continued careful investigation, including the standardization of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. Conclusions It is hypothesized that the combination of immunotherapeutic agents with traditional and novel chemotherapeutics will potentiate the efficacy of the chemotherapeutics while maintaining manageable toxicity.
AB - Background Castration-resistant prostate cancer is a disease with limited treatment options. However, the ongoing elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this disease continues to support the development of not only novel agents, but also innovative approaches. Among these therapies, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy. Design This review article summarizes the most recent data from investigations of immunotherapies in castrationresistant prostate cancer (literature and congress searches current as of August 2011). Results Immunotherapeutic strategies such as passive immunization, vaccines, and particularly checkpoint blockade have demonstrated some efficacy as single agents. Elucidation of effective combinations of agents and drug regimens is ongoing but will require continued careful investigation, including the standardization of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials. Conclusions It is hypothesized that the combination of immunotherapeutic agents with traditional and novel chemotherapeutics will potentiate the efficacy of the chemotherapeutics while maintaining manageable toxicity.
KW - Biochemotherapy
KW - Castration-resistant prostate cancer
KW - Chemotherapy
KW - Hormone-refractory prostate cancer
KW - Immunotherapy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84862243575&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84862243575&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10875-011-9595-6
DO - 10.1007/s10875-011-9595-6
M3 - Review article
C2 - 22048979
AN - SCOPUS:84862243575
SN - 0271-9142
VL - 32
SP - 25
EP - 35
JO - Journal of Clinical Immunology
JF - Journal of Clinical Immunology
IS - 1
ER -