Correlates of kidney stone disease differ by race in a multi-ethnic middle-aged population: The ARIC study

Objective: To identify correlates of kidney stone disease in white and African American men and women in a population-based longitudinal study starting in four US communities, and to assess differences in correlates across racial groups. Methods: Between 1993 and 1995, 12,161 middle-aged participants of the ARIC Study provided information on history of kidney stone disease. Information on incident kidney stone-related hospitalizations was obtained from ICD codes on hospital discharge records. Results: Kidney stone disease was reported by 12.0% of men and 4.8% of women. After multivariable adjustment, prevalent kidney stone disease was significantly (p< 0.05) associated with male gender (PR. = 2.50), increased serum triglycerides (PR. = 1.07 per SD increase), diabetes (PR. = 1.27), gallstone disease (PR. = 1.54), white race (PR. = 1.67), and region of residence. Male gender (HR. = 1.70), diabetes (HR. = 1.98), and hypertension (HR. = 1.69) were significantly associated (p< 0.05) with incident kidney stone-related hospitalizations (n= 94). Race-stratified analyses showed stronger associations of prevalent kidney stone disease with increased triglycerides, older age, and gallstone disease in African Americans compared to whites, whereas male gender showed stronger association in whites (all p-interaction < 0.05). Conclusion: We identified novel correlates of kidney stone disease (triglycerides, gallstone disease) and risk factor interactions by race (age, male gender, triglycerides, gallstone disease).