TY - JOUR
T1 - Consumption of micronutrient-fortified milk and noodles is associated with lower risk of stunting in preschool-aged children in Indonesia
AU - Semba, Richard D.
AU - Moench-Pfanner, Regina
AU - Sun, Kai
AU - De Pee, Saskia
AU - Akhter, Nasima
AU - Rah, Jee Hyun
AU - Campbell, Ashley A.
AU - Badham, Jane
AU - Bloem, Martin W.
AU - Kraemer, Klaus
PY - 2011/12
Y1 - 2011/12
N2 - Background. Stunting is highly prevalent in developing countries and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Micronutrient deficiencies contribute to stunting, and micronutrient-fortified foods are a potential strategy to reduce child stunting. Objective. To examine the relationship between the use of fortified powdered milk and noodles and child stunting in a large, population-based sample of Indonesian children. Methods. Consumption of fortified milk and fortified noodles was assessed in children 6 to 59 months of age from 222,250 families living in rural areas and 79,940 families living in urban slum areas in Indonesia. Results. The proportions of children who consumed fortified milk and fortified noodles were 34.0% and 22.0%, respectively, in rural families, and 42.4% and 48.5%, respectively, in urban families. The prevalence of stunting among children from rural and urban families was 51.8% and 48.8%, respectively. Children from rural and urban families were less likely to be stunted if they consumed fortified milk (in rural areas, OR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.90; p < .0001; in urban areas, OR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.85; p < .0001) or fortified noodles (in rural areas, OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99; p = .02; in urban areas, OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.01; p = .08) in multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. In both rural and urban families, the odds of stunting were lower when a child who consumed fortified milk also consumed fortified noodles, or when a child who consumed fortified noodles also consumed fortified milk. Conclusions. The consumption of fortified milk and noodles is associated with decreased odds of stunting among Indonesian children. These findings add to a growing body of evidence regarding the potential benefits of multiple micronutrient fortification on child growth.
AB - Background. Stunting is highly prevalent in developing countries and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Micronutrient deficiencies contribute to stunting, and micronutrient-fortified foods are a potential strategy to reduce child stunting. Objective. To examine the relationship between the use of fortified powdered milk and noodles and child stunting in a large, population-based sample of Indonesian children. Methods. Consumption of fortified milk and fortified noodles was assessed in children 6 to 59 months of age from 222,250 families living in rural areas and 79,940 families living in urban slum areas in Indonesia. Results. The proportions of children who consumed fortified milk and fortified noodles were 34.0% and 22.0%, respectively, in rural families, and 42.4% and 48.5%, respectively, in urban families. The prevalence of stunting among children from rural and urban families was 51.8% and 48.8%, respectively. Children from rural and urban families were less likely to be stunted if they consumed fortified milk (in rural areas, OR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.90; p < .0001; in urban areas, OR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.85; p < .0001) or fortified noodles (in rural areas, OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99; p = .02; in urban areas, OR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.01; p = .08) in multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. In both rural and urban families, the odds of stunting were lower when a child who consumed fortified milk also consumed fortified noodles, or when a child who consumed fortified noodles also consumed fortified milk. Conclusions. The consumption of fortified milk and noodles is associated with decreased odds of stunting among Indonesian children. These findings add to a growing body of evidence regarding the potential benefits of multiple micronutrient fortification on child growth.
KW - Fortification
KW - Micronutrients
KW - Milk
KW - Noodles
KW - Stunting
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84855437530&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84855437530&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/156482651103200406
DO - 10.1177/156482651103200406
M3 - Article
C2 - 22590968
AN - SCOPUS:84855437530
SN - 0379-5721
VL - 32
SP - 347
EP - 353
JO - Food and nutrition bulletin
JF - Food and nutrition bulletin
IS - 4
ER -