Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that energy expenditure in infants is a function of feeding pattern, the mechanism behind this is not well understood. The objectives of this observational study were as follows: 1) to compare minimal observable energy expenditure (MOEE) between 2 subgroups of breast-fed infants, a BM group in which breast milk was the only source of milk and a BCM group given cow's milk in addition to breast milk; and 2) to identify potential mediators of a feeding pattern effect. For this purpose, infants were classified by feeding group on the basis of a mother's recall. Respiration calorimetry was used to measure MOEE in 62 infants (n = 35 BM, n = 27 BCM) aged 8.7 mo in Pelotas, southern Brazil. Breast-milk intake was measured using deuterium oxide, complementary food intake by 1-d food weighing, total energy expenditure and total body water using doubly labeled water; anthropometric indices were calculated. MOEE was 1672 ± 175 kJ/d in BM compared with 1858 ± 210 kJ/d in BCM infants (P <0.001). Mass-specific MOEE was 201 ± 24.6 and 216 ± 31.9 kJ/(kg · d) in BM and BCM infants, respectively (P = 0.041). MOEE (kJ/d) was mediated by protein intake and fat-free mass (R 2 = 41.4%). We conclude that complementary feeding with cow's milk alters the sleeping metabolic rate in breast-fed infants. These findings deserve attention in relation to "metabolic programming" and the development of obesity later in life.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 1889-1895 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | Journal of Nutrition |
Volume | 135 |
Issue number | 8 |
State | Published - Aug 2005 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Breast milk
- Cow's milk
- Infants
- Minimal observable energy expenditure
- Sleeping metabolic rate
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
- Food Science