TY - JOUR
T1 - Combined Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Image Guidance of Spinal Pedicle Cannulation Demonstrated with Intact ex vivo Specimens
AU - Gonzalez, Eduardo A.
AU - Jain, Amit
AU - Bell, Muyinatu A.Lediju
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 1964-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - Objective: Spinal fusion surgeries require accurate placement of pedicle screws in anatomic corridors without breaching bone boundaries. We are developing a combined ultrasound and photoacoustic image guidance system to avoid pedicle screw misplacement and accidental bone breaches, which can lead to nerve damage. Methods: Pedicle cannulation was performed on a human cadaver, with co-registered photoacoustic and ultrasound images acquired at various time points during the procedure. Bony landmarks obtained from coherence-based ultrasound images of lumbar vertebrae were registered to post-operative CT images. Registration methods were additionally tested on an ex vivo caprine vertebra. Results: Locally weighted short-lag spatial coherence (LW-SLSC) ultrasound imaging enhanced the visualization of bony structures with generalized contrast-to-noise ratios (gCNRs) of 0.99 and 0.98-1.00 in the caprine and human vertebrae, respectively. Short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) and amplitude-based delay-and-sum (DAS) ultrasound imaging generally produced lower gCNRs of 0.98 and 0.84, respectively, in the caprine vertebra and 0.84-0.93 and 0.34-0.99, respectively, in the human vertebrae. The mean \pm standard deviation of the area of -6 dB contours created from DAS photoacoustic images acquired with an optical fiber inserted in prepared pedicle holes (i.e., fiber surrounded by cancellous bone) and holes created after intentional breaches (i.e., fiber exposed to cortical bone) was 10.06\pm5.22 mm^2 and 2.47\pm0.96 mm^2, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Coherence-based LW-SLSC and SLSC beamforming improved visualization of bony anatomical landmarks for ultrasound-to-CT registration, while amplitude-based DAS beamforming successfully distinguished photoacoustic signals within the pedicle from less desirable signals characteristic of impending bone breaches. Significance: These results are promising to improve visual registration of ultrasound and photoacoustic images with CT images, as well as to assist surgeons with identifying and avoiding impending bone breaches during pedicle cannulation in spinal fusion surgeries.
AB - Objective: Spinal fusion surgeries require accurate placement of pedicle screws in anatomic corridors without breaching bone boundaries. We are developing a combined ultrasound and photoacoustic image guidance system to avoid pedicle screw misplacement and accidental bone breaches, which can lead to nerve damage. Methods: Pedicle cannulation was performed on a human cadaver, with co-registered photoacoustic and ultrasound images acquired at various time points during the procedure. Bony landmarks obtained from coherence-based ultrasound images of lumbar vertebrae were registered to post-operative CT images. Registration methods were additionally tested on an ex vivo caprine vertebra. Results: Locally weighted short-lag spatial coherence (LW-SLSC) ultrasound imaging enhanced the visualization of bony structures with generalized contrast-to-noise ratios (gCNRs) of 0.99 and 0.98-1.00 in the caprine and human vertebrae, respectively. Short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) and amplitude-based delay-and-sum (DAS) ultrasound imaging generally produced lower gCNRs of 0.98 and 0.84, respectively, in the caprine vertebra and 0.84-0.93 and 0.34-0.99, respectively, in the human vertebrae. The mean \pm standard deviation of the area of -6 dB contours created from DAS photoacoustic images acquired with an optical fiber inserted in prepared pedicle holes (i.e., fiber surrounded by cancellous bone) and holes created after intentional breaches (i.e., fiber exposed to cortical bone) was 10.06\pm5.22 mm^2 and 2.47\pm0.96 mm^2, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Coherence-based LW-SLSC and SLSC beamforming improved visualization of bony anatomical landmarks for ultrasound-to-CT registration, while amplitude-based DAS beamforming successfully distinguished photoacoustic signals within the pedicle from less desirable signals characteristic of impending bone breaches. Significance: These results are promising to improve visual registration of ultrasound and photoacoustic images with CT images, as well as to assist surgeons with identifying and avoiding impending bone breaches during pedicle cannulation in spinal fusion surgeries.
KW - Bone segmentation
KW - coherence imaging
KW - landmark registration
KW - photoacoustic imaging
KW - spinal fusion
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098763978&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85098763978&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TBME.2020.3046370
DO - 10.1109/TBME.2020.3046370
M3 - Article
C2 - 33347403
AN - SCOPUS:85098763978
SN - 0018-9294
VL - 68
SP - 2479
EP - 2489
JO - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
JF - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
IS - 8
M1 - 9301435
ER -