TY - JOUR
T1 - Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease
AU - Ishigami, Junichi
AU - Matsushita, Kunihiro
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements J.I. was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute grant T32HL007024.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018, The Author(s).
PY - 2019/4/2
Y1 - 2019/4/2
N2 - Infectious disease is recognized as an important complication among patients with end-stage renal disease, contributing to excess morbidity and health care costs. However, recent epidemiological studies have revealed that even mild to moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially increase risk of infection. Regarding underlying mechanisms, evidence suggests various aspects of altered immune response in patients with CKD including impaired function of T cells, B cells and neutrophil. Multiple conditions surrounding CKD, such as older age, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are important contributors in the increased susceptibility to infection in this population. In addition, several mechanisms impairing immune function have been hypothesized including accumulated uremic toxins, increased oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and mineral and bone disorders. In terms of prevention strategies, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are most feasible and important. Nevertheless, the extent of vaccine utilization in CKD has not been well documented. In addition, antibody response to vaccination may be reduced in CKD patients, and thus a vaccine delivery strategy (e.g., dose and frequency) may need to be optimized among patients with CKD. Through this review, we demonstrate that infection is a major but underrecognized complication of CKD. As CKD is recognized as a serious public health issue, dedicated research is needed to better characterize the burden of infectious disease associated with CKD, understand the pathophysiology of infection in patients with CKD, and develop effective strategies to prevent infection and its sequela in this high risk population.
AB - Infectious disease is recognized as an important complication among patients with end-stage renal disease, contributing to excess morbidity and health care costs. However, recent epidemiological studies have revealed that even mild to moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) substantially increase risk of infection. Regarding underlying mechanisms, evidence suggests various aspects of altered immune response in patients with CKD including impaired function of T cells, B cells and neutrophil. Multiple conditions surrounding CKD, such as older age, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are important contributors in the increased susceptibility to infection in this population. In addition, several mechanisms impairing immune function have been hypothesized including accumulated uremic toxins, increased oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and mineral and bone disorders. In terms of prevention strategies, influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are most feasible and important. Nevertheless, the extent of vaccine utilization in CKD has not been well documented. In addition, antibody response to vaccination may be reduced in CKD patients, and thus a vaccine delivery strategy (e.g., dose and frequency) may need to be optimized among patients with CKD. Through this review, we demonstrate that infection is a major but underrecognized complication of CKD. As CKD is recognized as a serious public health issue, dedicated research is needed to better characterize the burden of infectious disease associated with CKD, understand the pathophysiology of infection in patients with CKD, and develop effective strategies to prevent infection and its sequela in this high risk population.
KW - Bloodstream infections
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - Infections
KW - Influenza vaccination
KW - Pneumococcal vaccination
KW - Pneumonia
KW - Renal failure
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U2 - 10.1007/s10157-018-1641-8
DO - 10.1007/s10157-018-1641-8
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30178234
AN - SCOPUS:85053410718
SN - 1342-1751
VL - 23
SP - 437
EP - 447
JO - Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
JF - Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
IS - 4
ER -