TY - JOUR
T1 - Climate of Respect Evaluation in ICUs
T2 - Development of an Instrument (ICU-CORE)
AU - Beach, Mary Catherine
AU - Topazian, Rachel
AU - Chan, Kitty S.
AU - Sugarman, Jeremy
AU - Geller, Gail
N1 - Funding Information:
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website (http://journals.lww.com/ ccmjournal). Supported, in part, by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) George and
Funding Information:
Betty Moore Foundation. Over the past several decades, the medical community Dr. Beach’s, Ms. Topazian’s, and Drs. Sugarman’s and Geller’s institu- has gained an appreciation for the role organizational Beach’s institution also received funding from the National Institutes of tions received funding from the George and Betty Moore Foundation. Dr. culture contributes to individual clinician behaviors Health (NIH) (K24 Grant) and the Greenwall Foundation; and she received and the quality of patient care. Most notably, the Institute of support for article research from the NIH. Dr. Sugarman disclosed that Medicine recommended in 2000 that hospitals improve their Research Oversight Committee, Quintiles’ Ethics Advisory Panel, and he serves on the Merck KGaA Bioethics Advisory Panel and Stem Cell “culture of safety.” (1) Subsequently reliable and valid instru- he has consulted with Novartis on a bioethics issue (none of which are ments have been developed to measure and track changes related to the content of this article). Dr. Geller received support for article in the safety climate over time and in response to quality closed that she does not have any potential conflicts of interest.research from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Dr. Chan has dis- improvement interventions (2–4). More recently, Martinson For information regarding this article, E-mail: mcbeach@jhmi.edu et al (5, 6) developed a measure of organizational climate Copyright © 2018 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters focused on research integrity. Measuring organizational cul- Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ture in any domain (e.g., safety, research integrity) allows insti-tutions to assess perceptions of local attitudes and practices to
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2018 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2018/6
Y1 - 2018/6
N2 - Objectives: To develop a valid, reliable measure that reflected the environment of respectfulness within the ICU setting. Design: We developed a preliminary survey instrument based on conceptual domains of respect identified through prior qualitative analyses of ICU patient, family member, and clinician perspectives. The initial instrument consisted of 21 items. After five cognitive interviews and 16 pilot surveys, we revised the instrument to include 23 items. We used standard psychometric methods to analyze the instrument. Settings: Eight ICUs serving adult patients affiliated with a large university health system. Subjects: ICU clinicians. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Based on 249 responses, we identified three factors and created subscales: General Respect, Respectful Behaviors, and Disrespectful Behaviors. The General Respect subscale had seven items (α = 0.932) and reflected how often patients in the ICU are treated with respect, in a dignified manner, as an individual, equally to all other patients, on the “same level” as the ICU team, as a person, and as you yourself would want to be treated. The Respectful Behaviors subscale had 10 items (α = 0.926) and reflected how often the ICU team responds to patient and/or family anxiety, makes an effort to get to know the patient and family as people, listens carefully, explains things thoroughly, gives the opportunity to provide input into care, protects patient modesty, greets when entering room, and talks to sedated patients. The subscale measuring disrespect has four items (α = 0.702) and reflects how often the ICU team dismisses family concerns, talks down to patients and families, speaks disrespectfully behind their backs, and gets frustrated with patients and families. Conclusions: We created a reliable set of scales to measure the climate of respectfulness in intensive care settings. These measures can be used for ongoing quality improvement that aim to enhance the experience of ICU patients and their families.
AB - Objectives: To develop a valid, reliable measure that reflected the environment of respectfulness within the ICU setting. Design: We developed a preliminary survey instrument based on conceptual domains of respect identified through prior qualitative analyses of ICU patient, family member, and clinician perspectives. The initial instrument consisted of 21 items. After five cognitive interviews and 16 pilot surveys, we revised the instrument to include 23 items. We used standard psychometric methods to analyze the instrument. Settings: Eight ICUs serving adult patients affiliated with a large university health system. Subjects: ICU clinicians. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Based on 249 responses, we identified three factors and created subscales: General Respect, Respectful Behaviors, and Disrespectful Behaviors. The General Respect subscale had seven items (α = 0.932) and reflected how often patients in the ICU are treated with respect, in a dignified manner, as an individual, equally to all other patients, on the “same level” as the ICU team, as a person, and as you yourself would want to be treated. The Respectful Behaviors subscale had 10 items (α = 0.926) and reflected how often the ICU team responds to patient and/or family anxiety, makes an effort to get to know the patient and family as people, listens carefully, explains things thoroughly, gives the opportunity to provide input into care, protects patient modesty, greets when entering room, and talks to sedated patients. The subscale measuring disrespect has four items (α = 0.702) and reflects how often the ICU team dismisses family concerns, talks down to patients and families, speaks disrespectfully behind their backs, and gets frustrated with patients and families. Conclusions: We created a reliable set of scales to measure the climate of respectfulness in intensive care settings. These measures can be used for ongoing quality improvement that aim to enhance the experience of ICU patients and their families.
KW - ethics
KW - intensive care unit
KW - measurement
KW - patientcenteredness
KW - respect
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85054542179&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85054542179&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003069
DO - 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003069
M3 - Article
C2 - 29485490
AN - SCOPUS:85054542179
SN - 0090-3493
VL - 46
SP - E502-E507
JO - Critical care medicine
JF - Critical care medicine
IS - 6
ER -