@article{6304e83fa29c45359ffc814b1286874f,
title = "Circulating cotinine concentrations and lung cancer risk in the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3)",
abstract = "Background: Self-reported smoking is the principal measure used to assess lung cancer risk in epidemiological studies. We evaluated if circulating cotinine—a nicotine metabolite and biomarker of recent tobacco exposure—provides additional information on lung cancer risk. Methods: The study was conducted in the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3) involving 20 prospective cohort studies. Pre-diagnostic serum cotinine concentrations were measured in one laboratory on 5364 lung cancer cases and 5364 individually matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between circulating cotinine and lung cancer, and assessed if cotinine provided additional risk-discriminative information compared with self-reported smoking (smoking status, smoking intensity, smoking duration), using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: We observed a strong positive association between cotinine and lung cancer risk for current smokers [odds ratio (OR) per 500 nmol/L increase in cotinine (OR500): 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32–1.47]. Cotinine concentrations consistent with active smoking (115 nmol/L) were common in former smokers (cases: 14.6%; controls: 9.2%) and rare in never smokers (cases: 2.7%; controls: 0.8%). Former and never smokers with cotinine concentrations indicative of active smoking (115 nmol/L) also showed increased lung cancer risk. For current smokers, the risk-discriminative performance of cotinine combined with self-reported smoking (AUCintegrated: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.68–0.71) yielded a small improvement over self-reported smoking alone (AUCsmoke: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.64–0.68) (P ¼ 1.5x10–9). Conclusions: Circulating cotinine concentrations are consistently associated with lung cancer risk for current smokers and provide additional risk-discriminative information compared with self-report smoking alone.",
keywords = "Biomarker, Case-control, Consortium, Cotinine, Lung cancer, Prospective",
author = "Larose, {Tricia L.} and Florence Guida and Anouar Fanidi and Arnulf Langhammer and Kristian Kveem and Stevens, {Victoria L.} and Jacobs, {Eric J.} and Smith-Warner, {Stephanie A.} and Edward Giovannucci and Demetrius Albanes and Weinstein, {Stephanie J.} and Freedman, {Neal D.} and Ross Prentice and Mary Pettinger and Thomson, {Cynthia A.} and Qiuyin Cai and Jie Wu and Blot, {William J.} and Arslan, {Alan A.} and Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte and {Le Marchand}, Loic and Wilkens, {Lynne R.} and Haiman, {Christopher A.} and Xuehong Zhang and Stampfer, {Meir J.} and Hodge, {Allison M.} and Giles, {Graham G.} and Gianluca Severi and Mikael Johansson and Kjell Grankvist and Renwei Wang and Yuan, {Jian Min} and Gao, {Yu Tang} and Koh, {Woon Puay} and Shu, {Xiao Ou} and Wei Zheng and Xiang, {Yong Bing} and Honglan Li and Qing Lan and Kala Visvanathan and Bolton, {Judith Hoffman} and Ueland, {Per Magne} and {\O}ivind Midttun and Neil Caporaso and Mark Purdue and Sesso, {Howard D.} and Buring, {Julie E.} and Lee, {I. Min} and {Michael Gaziano}, J. and Jonas Manjer and Hans Brunnstr{\"o}m and Paul Brennan and Mattias Johansson",
note = "Funding Information: Collaboration with authors from the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers CA047988, CA182913, HL043851, HL080467 and HL099355). Funding Information: The Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Nurses{\textquoteright} Health Study were supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants UM1CA186107, P50CA127003, P01CA87969, R01CA49449, and UM1 CA167552. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Funding Information: The WHI programme is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts HHSN268201600018C, HHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, and HHSN268201600004C. The authors thank the WHI investigators and staff for their dedication, and the study participants for making the programme possible. A full listing of WHI investigators can be found at: [http://www.whi.org/researchers/ Documents%20%20Write%20a%20Paper/WHI%20Investigator %20Long%20List.pdf]. Funding Information: The MEC cohort acknowledges partial funding from NIH grant U01 CA164973. Funding Information: The Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3) was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (grant number 1U1CA155340–01) and National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (Grant ID: 1050198. Funding Information: This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway (grant number 267776/H10). The work undertaken by T.L.L. for this paper was conducted during a postdoctoral placement at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, within the framework of an agreement between the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Funding Information: Cancer incidence data for the Campaign Against Cancer and Stroke (CLUE I) and the Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease (CLUE II) cohorts were provided by the Maryland Cancer Registry, Center for Cancer Surveillance and Control, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. The CLUE authors would like to thank the State of Maryland, the Maryland Cigarette Restitution Fund and the National Program of Cancer Registries of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the funds that helped support the collection and availability of the cancer registry data. The CLUE authors would also like to thank the CLUE participants and staff at the George W. Comstock Centre for Public Health Research and Prevention. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2018.",
year = "2018",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1093/ije/dyy100",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "47",
pages = "1760--1771",
journal = "International Journal of Epidemiology",
issn = "0300-5771",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "6",
}