TY - JOUR
T1 - Chronic kidney disease measures for cardiovascular risk prediction
AU - Mok, Yejin
AU - Ballew, Shoshana H.
AU - Matsushita, Kunihiro
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2021/10
Y1 - 2021/10
N2 - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15–20% of adults globally and causes various complications, one of the most important being cardiovascular disease (CVD). CKD has been associated with many CVD subtypes, especially severe ones like heart failure, independent of potential confounders such as diabetes and hypertension. There is no consensus in major clinical guidelines as to how to incorporate the two key measures of CKD (glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria) for CVD risk prediction. This is a critical missed opportunity to appropriately refine predicted risk and personalize prevention therapies according to CKD status, particularly since these measures are often already evaluated in clinical care. In this review, we provide an overview of CKD definition and staging, the subtypes of CVD most associated with CKD, major pathophysiological mechanisms, and the current state of CKD as a predictor of CVD in major clinical guidelines. We will introduce the novel concept of a “CKD Add-on”, which allows the incorporation of CKD measures in existing risk prediction models, and the implications of taking into account CKD in the management of CVD risk.
AB - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15–20% of adults globally and causes various complications, one of the most important being cardiovascular disease (CVD). CKD has been associated with many CVD subtypes, especially severe ones like heart failure, independent of potential confounders such as diabetes and hypertension. There is no consensus in major clinical guidelines as to how to incorporate the two key measures of CKD (glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria) for CVD risk prediction. This is a critical missed opportunity to appropriately refine predicted risk and personalize prevention therapies according to CKD status, particularly since these measures are often already evaluated in clinical care. In this review, we provide an overview of CKD definition and staging, the subtypes of CVD most associated with CKD, major pathophysiological mechanisms, and the current state of CKD as a predictor of CVD in major clinical guidelines. We will introduce the novel concept of a “CKD Add-on”, which allows the incorporation of CKD measures in existing risk prediction models, and the implications of taking into account CKD in the management of CVD risk.
KW - Cardiovascular disease
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - Risk prediction
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U2 - 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.007
DO - 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.09.007
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34556333
AN - SCOPUS:85115318490
SN - 0021-9150
VL - 335
SP - 110
EP - 118
JO - Atherosclerosis
JF - Atherosclerosis
ER -