TY - JOUR
T1 - Chronic kidney disease and risk factor prevalence in Saint Kitts and Nevis
T2 - A cross-sectional study
AU - Crews, Deidra C.
AU - Campbell, Kirk N.
AU - Liu, Yang
AU - Bussue, Odell
AU - Dawkins, Ingrid
AU - Young, Bessie A.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Caribbean Health and Education Foundation (CHEF), Abbott Laboratories, Henry Schein Cares Foundation and the DaVita Village Trust Foundation. O.D. and I.D. are employed by CHEF and contributed to the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. Abbott Laboratories nor Henry Schein Cares Foundation were involved in the design of the study, or collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; and were not involved in writing the manuscript. The DaVita Village Trust Foundation were involved in the collection of data, but not in the design of the study, analysis, or interpretation of data; and were not involved in writing the manuscript. D.C.C. was supported by grant K23 DK097184 and B.A.Y. was supported by grant DK 1R01DK102134-01 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USA. B.A.Y. was also supported in part by funding from the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. The Veterans Affairs does not endorse any of the statements or opinions advocated by this manuscript. NIDDK nor the Veterans Affairs were involved in the design of the study, or collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; and were not involved in writing the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Author(s).
PY - 2017/1/5
Y1 - 2017/1/5
N2 - Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in St. Kitts and Nevis, islands of the West Indies, is unknown. We sought to determine estimates of CKD and its risk factors (e.g. diabetes, hypertension and obesity) in St. Kitts and Nevis. Methods: This was a chronic disease screening program. Three community-based locations in St. Kitts and Nevis were included in the program. Participants were adult community residents aged ≥18 years. The main outcome measures were estimated CKD prevalence (by serum creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and dipstick urine albumin); and estimated prevalence of CKD risk factors (diabetes, hypertension and obesity). Logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of CKD. Results: One thousand nine hundred seventy eight persons, from Nevis (n = 950) and St. Kitts (n = 1028) were screened by the Caribbean Health and Education Foundation. Participants' mean age was 49 ± 15 years, 65% were female, and 99% were black. Fully, 21.5% had diabetes and 53.1% had hypertension; and 40.3% were obese. Mean estimated eGFR was 98 ml/min/1.73 m2 (standard deviation = 30) and 4.7% had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, indicating CKD. Age [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.05-1.11], hypertension (OR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.18-7.07) and diabetes (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.80-5.43) were independent predictors of reduced eGFR in models adjusted for age, gender and obesity status. Of those with urine testing in Nevis (n = 929), 13.5% had urine albumin ≥30 mg/dL, and diabetes was an independent predictor of this finding (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.53-3.87). Conclusions: CKD and its risk factors were prevalent among adults in St. Kitts and Nevis. Public policy strategies for prevention and treatment of these conditions may be needed to reduce their associated morbidity, mortality and costs.
AB - Background: The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in St. Kitts and Nevis, islands of the West Indies, is unknown. We sought to determine estimates of CKD and its risk factors (e.g. diabetes, hypertension and obesity) in St. Kitts and Nevis. Methods: This was a chronic disease screening program. Three community-based locations in St. Kitts and Nevis were included in the program. Participants were adult community residents aged ≥18 years. The main outcome measures were estimated CKD prevalence (by serum creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and dipstick urine albumin); and estimated prevalence of CKD risk factors (diabetes, hypertension and obesity). Logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of CKD. Results: One thousand nine hundred seventy eight persons, from Nevis (n = 950) and St. Kitts (n = 1028) were screened by the Caribbean Health and Education Foundation. Participants' mean age was 49 ± 15 years, 65% were female, and 99% were black. Fully, 21.5% had diabetes and 53.1% had hypertension; and 40.3% were obese. Mean estimated eGFR was 98 ml/min/1.73 m2 (standard deviation = 30) and 4.7% had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2, indicating CKD. Age [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.05-1.11], hypertension (OR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.18-7.07) and diabetes (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.80-5.43) were independent predictors of reduced eGFR in models adjusted for age, gender and obesity status. Of those with urine testing in Nevis (n = 929), 13.5% had urine albumin ≥30 mg/dL, and diabetes was an independent predictor of this finding (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.53-3.87). Conclusions: CKD and its risk factors were prevalent among adults in St. Kitts and Nevis. Public policy strategies for prevention and treatment of these conditions may be needed to reduce their associated morbidity, mortality and costs.
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - Diabetes
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Hypertension
KW - Risk factors
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U2 - 10.1186/s12882-016-0424-2
DO - 10.1186/s12882-016-0424-2
M3 - Article
C2 - 28056873
AN - SCOPUS:85008414670
VL - 18
JO - BMC Nephrology
JF - BMC Nephrology
SN - 1471-2369
IS - 1
M1 - 7
ER -