TY - JOUR
T1 - Childhood and adolescent depression
T2 - A review of the past 10 years. Part I
AU - Birmaher, Boris
AU - Ryan, Neal D.
AU - Williamson, Douglas E.
AU - Brent, David A.
AU - Kaufman, Joan
AU - Dahl, Ronald E.
AU - Perel, James
AU - Nelson, Beverly
N1 - Funding Information:
Accepted January 4, 19936 From the Department of Psychiany, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh. This article is dedicated to the memory of our teacher and fiend, Dr. Joaquim Puig-Antich. This article was supported in part by NIMH grant MH46894 to Dr. Boris Birmaher. The authors thank Therese Deiseroth and Mary Dulgerofffor their assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. Reprint requests to Dr. Birmaher, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 381 1 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
PY - 1996/11
Y1 - 1996/11
N2 - Objective: To qualitatively review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, natural course, biology, and other correlates of early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (DD). Method: A computerized search for articles published during the past 10 years was made and selected studies are presented. Results: Early-onset MDD and DD are frequent, recurrent, and familial disorders that tend to continue into adulthood, and they are frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are usually associated with poor psychosocial and academic outcome and increased risk for substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and suicide. In addition, DD increases the risk for MDD. There is a secular increase in the prevalence of MDD, and it appears that MDD is occurring at an earlier age in successive cohorts. Several genetic, familial, demographic, psychosocial, cognitive, and biological correlates of onset and course of early-onset depression have been identified. Few studies, however, have examined the combined effects of these correlates. Conclusions: Considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of early-onset depression. Nevertheless, further research is needed in understanding the pathogenesis of childhood mood disorders. Toward this end, studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms and interrelationships among the different domains of risk factors are needed.
AB - Objective: To qualitatively review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, natural course, biology, and other correlates of early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (DD). Method: A computerized search for articles published during the past 10 years was made and selected studies are presented. Results: Early-onset MDD and DD are frequent, recurrent, and familial disorders that tend to continue into adulthood, and they are frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are usually associated with poor psychosocial and academic outcome and increased risk for substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and suicide. In addition, DD increases the risk for MDD. There is a secular increase in the prevalence of MDD, and it appears that MDD is occurring at an earlier age in successive cohorts. Several genetic, familial, demographic, psychosocial, cognitive, and biological correlates of onset and course of early-onset depression have been identified. Few studies, however, have examined the combined effects of these correlates. Conclusions: Considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of early-onset depression. Nevertheless, further research is needed in understanding the pathogenesis of childhood mood disorders. Toward this end, studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms and interrelationships among the different domains of risk factors are needed.
KW - adolescents
KW - children
KW - correlates
KW - dysthymic disorder
KW - major depressive disorder
KW - progress
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U2 - 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011
DO - 10.1097/00004583-199611000-00011
M3 - Article
C2 - 8936909
AN - SCOPUS:0029848757
SN - 0890-8567
VL - 35
SP - 1427
EP - 1439
JO - Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
JF - Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
IS - 11
ER -