TY - JOUR
T1 - Changes in Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure among Cigarette Smokers Transitioning to ENDS Use
T2 - The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013–2015
AU - Anic, Gabriella M.
AU - Rostron, Brian L.
AU - Hammad, Hoda T.
AU - van Bemmel, Dana M.
AU - Valle-Pinero, Arseima Y.Del
AU - Christensen, Carol H.
AU - Erives, Gladys
AU - Faulcon, Lisa M.
AU - Blount, Benjamin C.
AU - Wang, Yuesong
AU - Wang, Lanqing
AU - Bhandari, Deepak
AU - Calafat, Antonia M.
AU - Kimmel, Heather L.
AU - Everard, Colm D.
AU - Compton, Wilson M.
AU - Edwards, Kathryn C.
AU - Goniewicz, Maciej L.
AU - Wei, Binnian
AU - Hyland, Andrew
AU - Hatsukami, Dorothy K.
AU - Hecht, Stephen S.
AU - Niaura, Raymond S.
AU - Borek, Nicolette
AU - Ambrose, Bridget K.
AU - Chang, Cindy M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/2/1
Y1 - 2022/2/1
N2 - Limited data are available for how biomarkers of tobacco exposure (BOE) change when cigarette smokers transition to using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Using biomarker data from Waves 1 (2013–2014) and 2 (2014–2015) of the PATH Study, we examined how mean BOE concentrations, including metabolites of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and volatile organic compounds (VOCM) and metals, changed when 2475 adult smokers transitioned to using ENDS or quit tobacco products. Exclusive smokers who transitioned to dual use had a significant decrease in NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol), but not nicotine metabolites, most PAHs, metals, or VOCMs. Exclusive smokers who became dual users had significant reductions in total nicotine equivalents, NNAL, and 2CyEMA (acrylonitrile metabolite), but only in those who reduced cigarettes per day (CPD) by >=50%. Smokers who transitioned to exclusive ENDS use had significant reductions in most TSNAs, PAHs, and VOCMs; however, nicotine metabolites did not decrease in dual users who became exclusive ENDS users. Smokers who quit tobacco use had significant decreases in nicotine metabolites, all TSNAs, most PAHs, and most VOCMs. Cigarette smokers who became dual users did not experience significant reductions in most BOEs. Reductions were impacted by changes in CPD. However, transitioning from smoking to no tobacco or exclusive ENDS use was associated with reduced exposure to most BOEs measured. Future analyses could incorporate additional waves of PATH data and examine changes in biomarker exposure by ENDS device type and CPD.
AB - Limited data are available for how biomarkers of tobacco exposure (BOE) change when cigarette smokers transition to using electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Using biomarker data from Waves 1 (2013–2014) and 2 (2014–2015) of the PATH Study, we examined how mean BOE concentrations, including metabolites of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and volatile organic compounds (VOCM) and metals, changed when 2475 adult smokers transitioned to using ENDS or quit tobacco products. Exclusive smokers who transitioned to dual use had a significant decrease in NNAL (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol), but not nicotine metabolites, most PAHs, metals, or VOCMs. Exclusive smokers who became dual users had significant reductions in total nicotine equivalents, NNAL, and 2CyEMA (acrylonitrile metabolite), but only in those who reduced cigarettes per day (CPD) by >=50%. Smokers who transitioned to exclusive ENDS use had significant reductions in most TSNAs, PAHs, and VOCMs; however, nicotine metabolites did not decrease in dual users who became exclusive ENDS users. Smokers who quit tobacco use had significant decreases in nicotine metabolites, all TSNAs, most PAHs, and most VOCMs. Cigarette smokers who became dual users did not experience significant reductions in most BOEs. Reductions were impacted by changes in CPD. However, transitioning from smoking to no tobacco or exclusive ENDS use was associated with reduced exposure to most BOEs measured. Future analyses could incorporate additional waves of PATH data and examine changes in biomarker exposure by ENDS device type and CPD.
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Cigarettes
KW - E-cigarettes
KW - Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)
KW - Tobacco
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123585818&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85123585818&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph19031462
DO - 10.3390/ijerph19031462
M3 - Article
C2 - 35162490
AN - SCOPUS:85123585818
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 19
JO - International journal of environmental research and public health
JF - International journal of environmental research and public health
IS - 3
M1 - 1462
ER -