TY - JOUR
T1 - Challenges in immunotherapy presented by the glioblastoma multiforme microenvironment
AU - Jackson, Christopher
AU - Ruzevick, Jacob
AU - Phallen, Jillian
AU - Belcaid, Zineb
AU - Lim, Michael
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite intensive treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains grim with a median survival of only 14.6 months. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating many cancers and affords the advantages of cellular-level specificity and the potential to generate durable immune surveillance. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment poses a significant challenge to the development of immunotherapy for GBM, as multiple signaling pathways, cytokines, and cell types are intricately coordinated to generate an immunosuppressive milieu. The development of new immunotherapy approaches frequently uncovers new mechanisms of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss many of the current approaches to immunotherapy and focus on the challenges presented by the tumor microenvironment.
AB - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Despite intensive treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains grim with a median survival of only 14.6 months. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating many cancers and affords the advantages of cellular-level specificity and the potential to generate durable immune surveillance. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment poses a significant challenge to the development of immunotherapy for GBM, as multiple signaling pathways, cytokines, and cell types are intricately coordinated to generate an immunosuppressive milieu. The development of new immunotherapy approaches frequently uncovers new mechanisms of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss many of the current approaches to immunotherapy and focus on the challenges presented by the tumor microenvironment.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84855604775&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84855604775&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1155/2011/732413
DO - 10.1155/2011/732413
M3 - Review article
C2 - 22190972
AN - SCOPUS:84855604775
VL - 2011
JO - Clinical and Developmental Immunology
JF - Clinical and Developmental Immunology
SN - 2314-8861
M1 - 732413
ER -