CCR5 deficiency enhances hepatic innate immune cell recruitment and inflammation in a murine model of acute hepatitis B infection

Human genetic studies demonstrate a link between the 32-bp deletion that produces a nonfunctional CCR5 receptor and enhanced recovery from acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. To investigate the role of CCR5 in immune responses to acute HBV, we intravenously infected Ccr5 ^+/+ (WT) and Ccr5 ^−/− (KO) mice with a replication-incompetent adenovirus containing the overlapping HBV1.3 construct (AdHBV), or vector control. At day 3 following AdHBV infection, analysis of intrahepatic leukocytes (IHL) showed KO mice had increased CD11b ⁺ NK cells compared to WT (18.2% versus 7.6% of live IHL, P < 0.01). These CD11b ⁺ NK cells were nonresident (CD49a ⁻ ) and had capacity to degranulate and produce IFN-γ following stimulation. At day 3, plasma CXCL10 was significantly increased in KO, but not WT, mice receiving AdHBV as compared to vector control, while CXCR3 expression on hepatic CD11b ⁺ NK cells in AdHBV-treated KO mice was significantly lower than that in uninfected mice, suggesting these NK cells are recruited along the CXCL10–CXCR3 axis. At days 7 and 14, no differences between genotypes were observed in number, or HBV-specific function, of intrahepatic CD8 ⁺ T cells. Instead, at day 14, KO mice had increased intrahepatic proinflammatory monocytes compared to WT mice (17.56% versus 6.57% of live IHL, P = 0.014), corresponding with an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase and intrahepatic IL-1β observed in KO mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that loss of CCR5 signaling drives a more robust inflammatory liver microenvironment early in acute HBV infection via enrichment of hepatic innate immune cells.