@article{c000ab54124344eb8927ce6196ecd26d,
title = "Bone disease in HIV infection: A practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers",
abstract = "Low bone mineral density (BMD) is prevalent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy is associated with a 2%-6% decrease in BMD over the first 2 years, a decrease that is similar in magnitude to that sustained during the first 2 years of menopause. Recent studies have also described increased fracture rates in the HIV-infected population. The causes of low BMD in individuals with HIV infection appear to be multifactorial and likely represent a complex interaction between HIV infection, traditional osteoporosis risk factors, and antiretroviral-related factors. In this review, we make the point that HIV infection should be considered as a risk factor for bone disease. We recommend screening patients with fragility fractures, all HIV-infected post-menopausal women, and all HIV-infected men ≥50 years of age. We also discuss the importance of considering secondary causes of osteoporosis. Finally, we discuss treatment of the more severe cases of bone disease, while outlining the caveats and gaps in our knowledge.",
author = "McComsey, {Grace A.} and Pablo Tebas and Elizabeth Shane and Yin, {Michael T.} and Overton, {E. Turner} and Huang, {Jeannie S.} and Aldrovandi, {Grace M.} and Cardoso, {Sandra W.} and Santana, {Jorge L.} and Brown, {Todd T.}",
note = "Funding Information: Potential conflicts of interest. G.A.M. has received research grant support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, and Merck; has served as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, Abbott, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; and is currently the Chair of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for a Pfizer-sponsored study. P.T. has consulted for Tibotec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Pfizer. E.S. has received research support from Merck, Novartis, and Eli Lilly. E.T.O. has received research grants from Merck, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, Abbott, Tibotec, and Boehinger Ingelheim through Washington University; has served as a consultant for Tibotec and Glaxo-SmithKline; and has served on speakers{\textquoteright} bureau or received honoraria from Merck, Tibotec, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Monogram Sciences, and Gilead. J.S.H. has received a research grant from Novartis. J.L.S. has received grants from Gilead, Tibotec, and Merck; is on a clinical advisory board for Gilead, Tibotec, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Merck; and is a speaker for Tibotec, Merck, Gilead, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. T.T.B. has served as a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, and VIIV Healthcare and has received research funding from Merck and GlaxosmithKline. All other authors: no conflicts.",
year = "2010",
month = oct,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1086/656412",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "51",
pages = "937--946",
journal = "Clinical Infectious Diseases",
issn = "1058-4838",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "8",
}