TY - JOUR
T1 - Bidirectional relationship between cognitive function and pneumonia
AU - Shah, Faraaz Ali
AU - Pike, Francis
AU - Alvarez, Karina
AU - Angus, Derek
AU - Newman, Anne B.
AU - Lopez, Oscar
AU - Tate, Judith
AU - Kapur, Vishesh
AU - Wilsdon, Anthony
AU - Krishnan, Jerry A.
AU - Hansel, Nadia
AU - Au, David
AU - Avdalovic, Mark
AU - Fan, Vincent S.
AU - Barr, R. Graham
AU - Yende, Sachin
PY - 2013/9/1
Y1 - 2013/9/1
N2 - Rationale: Relationships between chronic health conditions and acute infections remain poorly understood. Preclinical studies suggest crosstalk between nervous and immune systems. Objectives: To determine bidirectional relationships between cognition and pneumonia. Methods:We conducted longitudinal analyses of a population-based cohort over 10 years. We determined whether changes in cognition increase risk ofpneumonia hospitalizationbytrajectory analyses and joint modeling.We then determined whether pneumonia hospitalization increased risk of subsequent dementia using a Cox model with pneumonia as a time-varying covariate. Measurements and Main Results: Of the 5,888 participants, 639 (10.9%) were hospitalized with pneumonia at least once. Most participants had normal cognition before pneumonia. Three cognition trajectories were identified: no, minimal, and severe rapid decline. A greater proportion of participants hospitalized with pneumonia were on trajectories of minimal or severe decline before occurrence of pneumonia compared with those never hospitalized with pneumonia( proportionwith no, minimal,andsevere declinewere67.1%, 22.8%, and 10.0% vs. 76.0%, 19.3%, and 4.6% for participants with and without pneumonia, respectively; P , 0.001). Small subclinical changes in cognition increased risk of pneumonia, even in those with normal cognition and physical function before pneumonia (beta; = 20.02; P , 0.001). Participants with pneumonia were subsequently at an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio, 2.24 [95% confidence interval, 1.62-3.11]; P = 0.01). Associations were independent of demographics, health behaviors, other chronic conditions, and physical function. Bidirectional relationship did not vary based on severity of disease, and similar associations were noted for those with severe sepsis and other infections. Conclusions: A bidirectional relationship exists between pneumonia and cognition and may explain how a single episode of infection in well-appearing older individuals accelerates decline in chronic health conditions and loss of functional independence.
AB - Rationale: Relationships between chronic health conditions and acute infections remain poorly understood. Preclinical studies suggest crosstalk between nervous and immune systems. Objectives: To determine bidirectional relationships between cognition and pneumonia. Methods:We conducted longitudinal analyses of a population-based cohort over 10 years. We determined whether changes in cognition increase risk ofpneumonia hospitalizationbytrajectory analyses and joint modeling.We then determined whether pneumonia hospitalization increased risk of subsequent dementia using a Cox model with pneumonia as a time-varying covariate. Measurements and Main Results: Of the 5,888 participants, 639 (10.9%) were hospitalized with pneumonia at least once. Most participants had normal cognition before pneumonia. Three cognition trajectories were identified: no, minimal, and severe rapid decline. A greater proportion of participants hospitalized with pneumonia were on trajectories of minimal or severe decline before occurrence of pneumonia compared with those never hospitalized with pneumonia( proportionwith no, minimal,andsevere declinewere67.1%, 22.8%, and 10.0% vs. 76.0%, 19.3%, and 4.6% for participants with and without pneumonia, respectively; P , 0.001). Small subclinical changes in cognition increased risk of pneumonia, even in those with normal cognition and physical function before pneumonia (beta; = 20.02; P , 0.001). Participants with pneumonia were subsequently at an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio, 2.24 [95% confidence interval, 1.62-3.11]; P = 0.01). Associations were independent of demographics, health behaviors, other chronic conditions, and physical function. Bidirectional relationship did not vary based on severity of disease, and similar associations were noted for those with severe sepsis and other infections. Conclusions: A bidirectional relationship exists between pneumonia and cognition and may explain how a single episode of infection in well-appearing older individuals accelerates decline in chronic health conditions and loss of functional independence.
KW - Cognitive function
KW - Dementia
KW - Pneumonia
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84883524953&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1164/rccm.201212-2154OC
DO - 10.1164/rccm.201212-2154OC
M3 - Article
C2 - 23848267
AN - SCOPUS:84883524953
SN - 1073-449X
VL - 188
SP - 586
EP - 592
JO - American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
JF - American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
IS - 5
ER -