TY - JOUR
T1 - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
T2 - A historical neuropsychological perspective
AU - Mahone, E. Mark
AU - Denckla, Martha B.
N1 - Funding Information:
Conference hosted by the National Institutes of Health, bringing together international experts on ADHD, as well as health care representatives from the public. The consensus statement (NIH, 1998) concluded the following: ∙ ADHD is valid disorder of childhood and a major public health problem. ∙ Children with ADHD usually have pronounced difficulties and impairments resulting from the disorder across multiple settings, and can experience long-term adverse effects on academic performance, vocational success, and social-emotional development. ∙ Evidence supporting the validity of ADHD includes the long-term developmental course over time, cross-national studies revealing similar risk factors, familial aggregation (recognized as either genetic or environmental), and, heritability. Prompted by continued inaccurate portrayal of ADHD in the media, and the stories of ADHD as a myth or as an otherwise benign condition. Concern from international healthcare and research community that thousands would not seek treatment for the condition. Supported by U.S. Surgeon General, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychological Association, and American Academy of Pediatrics. The statement concluded, “as a matter of science, the notion that ADHD does not exist is simply wrong” (p. 89), and further charged the media to depict ADHD as realistically and accurately as it is depicted in the scientific community, as a valid disorder having substantial adverse impact on those who have the condition suffer from it through no fault of their own or their parents and teachers—a statement directly contradicting those in the popular media who had continued to portray ADHD as the result of bad parenting or teaching (Barkley, 2002). Adults with ADHD manifest anomalies in brain functioning, based on cognitive, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies, and the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments with dopamine agonists support the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD. The high heritability and associated environmental risk factors suggest a primary role for genetic influences that are moderated by environmental factors in the majority of cases. Adult ADHD can be reliably diagnosed with careful examination, and a cutoff of 4/9 DSM criteria for inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity are recommended for diagnosis of Adult ADHD.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017.
PY - 2017/10
Y1 - 2017/10
N2 - The behavior patterns of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention that would ultimately become recognized as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been described for centuries. Nevertheless, in the past 35 years, advances in diagnostic methods, identification of biomarkers, and treatments have advanced at an exponential rate. ADHD is now recognized as the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, with risks extending well into adulthood for both males and females, leading to its identification as a significant public health issue. This historical neuropsychological review of ADHD emphasizes scientific highlights in the past 35 years related to ADHD, including the evolution of the diagnosis (from Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood to ADHD), influential theories (executive functions, cognitive-energetic, delay aversion), landmark treatment studies (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD [MTA] and Preschool ADHD Treatment Study [PATS]), and advances in brain mapping techniques (anatomic, functional, and resting state magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging). The review concludes by highlighting the challenges of studying and treating a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder like ADHD, with emphasis on associated disorders and conditions (learning disabilities, sluggish cognitive tempo), special populations (girls, preschoolers, adults), and recommendations for scientific inquiry in the next 35 years. Neuropsychologists are well positioned to address the clinical and research challenges of the next generation of studies, especially involving advances in understanding the sexual dimor.phism, full developmental course, and dynamic risks associated with ADHD.
AB - The behavior patterns of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention that would ultimately become recognized as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been described for centuries. Nevertheless, in the past 35 years, advances in diagnostic methods, identification of biomarkers, and treatments have advanced at an exponential rate. ADHD is now recognized as the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, with risks extending well into adulthood for both males and females, leading to its identification as a significant public health issue. This historical neuropsychological review of ADHD emphasizes scientific highlights in the past 35 years related to ADHD, including the evolution of the diagnosis (from Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood to ADHD), influential theories (executive functions, cognitive-energetic, delay aversion), landmark treatment studies (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD [MTA] and Preschool ADHD Treatment Study [PATS]), and advances in brain mapping techniques (anatomic, functional, and resting state magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging). The review concludes by highlighting the challenges of studying and treating a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder like ADHD, with emphasis on associated disorders and conditions (learning disabilities, sluggish cognitive tempo), special populations (girls, preschoolers, adults), and recommendations for scientific inquiry in the next 35 years. Neuropsychologists are well positioned to address the clinical and research challenges of the next generation of studies, especially involving advances in understanding the sexual dimor.phism, full developmental course, and dynamic risks associated with ADHD.
KW - Childhood
KW - Developmental disorder
KW - Executive function
KW - Motor
KW - Neuroimaging
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85044650066&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85044650066&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1017/S1355617717000807
DO - 10.1017/S1355617717000807
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29198277
AN - SCOPUS:85044650066
VL - 23
SP - 916
EP - 929
JO - Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
JF - Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
SN - 1355-6177
IS - 9-10 Special Issue
ER -