TY - JOUR
T1 - Associations of proinflammatory cytokines with the risk of recurrent stroke
AU - Welsh, Paul
AU - Lowe, Gordon D.O.
AU - Chalmers, John
AU - Campbell, Duncan J.
AU - Rumley, Ann
AU - Neal, Bruce C.
AU - MacMahon, Stephen W.
AU - Woodward, Mark
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2008/8/1
Y1 - 2008/8/1
N2 - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are few reports on proinflammatory cytokines and risk of primary or recurrent stroke. We studied the association of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) with recurrent stroke in a nested case-control study derived from the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS). METHODS: We performed a nested case-control study of 591 strokes (472 ischemic, 83 hemorrhagic, 36 unknown subtype) occurring during a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of perindopril-based therapy in 6105 patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Controls were matched for age, treatment group, sex, region, and most recent qualifying event at entry to the parent trial. RESULTS: IL-6 and TNF-α, but not IL-18, were associated with risk of recurrent ischemic stroke independently of conventional risk markers. Adjusted odds ratios comparing the highest to lowest third of their distributions were 1.33 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.78) for IL-6 and 1.46 (1.02 to 2.10) for TNF-α. No inflammatory marker was associated with hemorrhagic stroke risk. In multivariable models, IL-6 and TNF-α fully explained observed associations of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen with risk of ischemic stroke, but TNF-α retained borderline significance after full adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers associated with the acute-phase response (IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen, but not IL-18) are associated with risk of recurrent stroke. These markers are dependent on each other in multivariable models, and once all were included, only TNF-α retained a borderline association. Markers of generalized inflammation of the acute-phase response are associated with recurrent stroke, rather than IL-6, C-reactive protein, or fibrinogen in particular.
AB - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are few reports on proinflammatory cytokines and risk of primary or recurrent stroke. We studied the association of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) with recurrent stroke in a nested case-control study derived from the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS). METHODS: We performed a nested case-control study of 591 strokes (472 ischemic, 83 hemorrhagic, 36 unknown subtype) occurring during a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of perindopril-based therapy in 6105 patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Controls were matched for age, treatment group, sex, region, and most recent qualifying event at entry to the parent trial. RESULTS: IL-6 and TNF-α, but not IL-18, were associated with risk of recurrent ischemic stroke independently of conventional risk markers. Adjusted odds ratios comparing the highest to lowest third of their distributions were 1.33 (95% CI, 1.00 to 1.78) for IL-6 and 1.46 (1.02 to 2.10) for TNF-α. No inflammatory marker was associated with hemorrhagic stroke risk. In multivariable models, IL-6 and TNF-α fully explained observed associations of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen with risk of ischemic stroke, but TNF-α retained borderline significance after full adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers associated with the acute-phase response (IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen, but not IL-18) are associated with risk of recurrent stroke. These markers are dependent on each other in multivariable models, and once all were included, only TNF-α retained a borderline association. Markers of generalized inflammation of the acute-phase response are associated with recurrent stroke, rather than IL-6, C-reactive protein, or fibrinogen in particular.
KW - Acute-phase response
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Inflammation
KW - Stroke
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U2 - 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.504498
DO - 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.504498
M3 - Article
C2 - 18566306
AN - SCOPUS:49849103941
VL - 39
SP - 2226
EP - 2230
JO - Stroke
JF - Stroke
SN - 0039-2499
IS - 8
ER -