@article{6bd90aaf74e54b5a8a31fa535d4c05d0,
title = "Association of Vibrio cholerae O1 with the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp., elucidated by polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy",
abstract = "It has been hypothesized that Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous flora of the estuarine and brackish water environment. Zooplankton and phytoplankton have been considered as possible reservoirs. The present study was carried out in microcosms to confirm the role of a cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp., as a reservoir of V. cholerae O1 using culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoelectron microscopy. Survival of culturable V. cholerae in microcosms was monitored by using tellurite taurocholate gelatin agar. Culturable V. cholerae were detected for up to 1 h in association with Anabaena sp. from a microcosm. However, viable but nonculturable (VBNC) V. cholerae O1 were detected for up to 25 months using PCR and immunoelectron microscopy. Results also showed that VBNC V. cholerae can multiply and maintain their progeny in the mucilaginous sheath of Anabaena sp. This is the first time that PCR and immuno-electron microscopy have been used to detect nonculturable V. cholerae in association with Anabaena sp. This study further clarifies the role of Anabaena sp. as a possible reservoir of cholera.",
keywords = "Anabaena, Cholera, Immunoelectron microscopy, Polymerase chain reaction, Reservoirs, Vibrio cholerae",
author = "Islam, {M. S.} and Z. Rahim and Alam, {M. J.} and S. Begum and Moniruzzaman, {S. M.} and A. Umeda and K. Amako and Albert, {M. J.} and Sack, {R. B.} and A. Huq and Colwell, {R. R.}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), the Universitv ofMarvland Biotechnology Ins&ute (UCBI), Maryland, USA, Kyushu University, Fuk;: oka, Japan and the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). The ICDDR,B is supported by agencies and countries which share its concern for the health problems of developing countries. Current donors include: the aid agencies of the Governments of Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States; international organizations including the Arab Gulf Fund, Asian Development Bank, European Union, the United Nations Children{\textquoteright}s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO); private foundations including Apa Khan Foundation. Child Health Foundation, Ford Foun-dition, Population Cduncil, Rockefeller Foundation and the Sasakawa Foundation; and private organizations including American Express Bank, Bayer AG, CARE, Family Health International, Helen Keller International, the Johns Hopkins University, Macro International, New England Medical Center, Procter Gamble, RAND Corporation, SANDOZ, Swiss Red Cross, the University ofAlabama at Birmingham, the University of Iowa, and others. We are mateful to Professor M. A. Aziz of the Department of Botany, university of Dhaka for providing the cyanobacterium strain of Anabaena sp. used in this study. We thank Mr Md Anisur Rahman for typing the manuscript.",
year = "1999",
doi = "10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90171-2",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "93",
pages = "36--40",
journal = "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene",
issn = "0035-9203",
publisher = "Elsevier",
number = "1",
}