TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of antiretroviral therapy adherence and health care costs
AU - Nachega, Jean B.
AU - Leisegang, Rory
AU - Bishai, David
AU - Nguyen, Hoang
AU - Hislop, Michael
AU - Cleary, Susan
AU - Regensberg, Leon
AU - Maartens, Gary
PY - 2010/1/5
Y1 - 2010/1/5
N2 - Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence predicts HIV disease progression and survival, but its effect on direct health care costs is unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of ART adherence on direct health care costs among adults in a resource-limited setting. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Aid for AIDS, a private-sector disease management program in South Africa. Patients: 6833 HIV-infected adults who started ART between 6 August 2000 and 30 April 2006. Measurements: Monthly direct health care costs authorized by Aid for AIDS were averaged over all months. Pharmacy claim adherence, expressed as a percentage, was categorized into quartiles, from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Effects of covariates on monthly total costs were assessed with a 2-step model with logit for probability of nonzero costs and a generalized linear model (GLM). Results: Total mean monthly costs were $370 (SD, $644). Mean monthly costs of ART were $32 (SD, $18); hospitalizations, $151 (SD, $436); consultations, $76 (SD, $66); investigations, $37 (SD, $50); and non-ART medications, $53 (SD, $180). Total mean monthly costs ranged from $313 (SD, $598) for quartile 4 to $376 (SD, $657) for quartile 1. Hospitalization costs increased from 29% to 51% of total costs as adherence decreased. In the GLM 2-step model, moving from adherence quartile 1 to quartile 2, 3, or 4 increased the probability of having nonzero total monthly costs by 0.078, 0.15, and 0.21 percentage point, respectively (P < 0.001). For patients with nonzero costs, increasing adherence from quartile 1 to quartile 2, 3, or 4 decreased total monthly costs by $70, $133, and $192, respectively (P < 0.001). Moving from adherence quartiles 1 to 4 had the highest decrease in net overall median monthly health care costs (-$85 [interquartile range, -$116 to -$41]). Limitations: Indirect health care costs were not included. Experience may not reflect that of public HIV/AIDS programs. Conclusion: High ART adherence was associated with lower mean monthly direct health care costs, particularly reduced hospitalization costs, in this South African HIV cohort.
AB - Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence predicts HIV disease progression and survival, but its effect on direct health care costs is unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of ART adherence on direct health care costs among adults in a resource-limited setting. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Aid for AIDS, a private-sector disease management program in South Africa. Patients: 6833 HIV-infected adults who started ART between 6 August 2000 and 30 April 2006. Measurements: Monthly direct health care costs authorized by Aid for AIDS were averaged over all months. Pharmacy claim adherence, expressed as a percentage, was categorized into quartiles, from 1 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Effects of covariates on monthly total costs were assessed with a 2-step model with logit for probability of nonzero costs and a generalized linear model (GLM). Results: Total mean monthly costs were $370 (SD, $644). Mean monthly costs of ART were $32 (SD, $18); hospitalizations, $151 (SD, $436); consultations, $76 (SD, $66); investigations, $37 (SD, $50); and non-ART medications, $53 (SD, $180). Total mean monthly costs ranged from $313 (SD, $598) for quartile 4 to $376 (SD, $657) for quartile 1. Hospitalization costs increased from 29% to 51% of total costs as adherence decreased. In the GLM 2-step model, moving from adherence quartile 1 to quartile 2, 3, or 4 increased the probability of having nonzero total monthly costs by 0.078, 0.15, and 0.21 percentage point, respectively (P < 0.001). For patients with nonzero costs, increasing adherence from quartile 1 to quartile 2, 3, or 4 decreased total monthly costs by $70, $133, and $192, respectively (P < 0.001). Moving from adherence quartiles 1 to 4 had the highest decrease in net overall median monthly health care costs (-$85 [interquartile range, -$116 to -$41]). Limitations: Indirect health care costs were not included. Experience may not reflect that of public HIV/AIDS programs. Conclusion: High ART adherence was associated with lower mean monthly direct health care costs, particularly reduced hospitalization costs, in this South African HIV cohort.
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U2 - 10.7326/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-00006
DO - 10.7326/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-00006
M3 - Article
C2 - 20048268
AN - SCOPUS:74849120025
SN - 0003-4819
VL - 152
SP - 18
EP - 25
JO - Annals of internal medicine
JF - Annals of internal medicine
IS - 1
ER -