Arteriovenous Fistulas

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) may involve the brain or spine and the vessels of the dura, pia, and the vein of Galen. These lesions may be benign or high risk depending on the presence of cortical venous reflux. AVFs are typically discovered incidentally or manifest with mild symptoms; however, they can also become symptomatic with hemorrhage. Treatment consists of interruption of the fistulous connection via endovascular or microsurgical techniques. Their associated symptoms, indications for treatment, histopathologic and anatomic features, and treatment are discussed in this article.