Analysis and modeling of the variable region of camelid single-domain antibodies

Camelids have a special type of Ab, known as heavy chain Abs, which are devoid of classical Ab light chains. Relative to classical Abs, camelid heavy chain Abs (cAbs) have comparable immunogenicity, Ag recognition diversity and binding affinities, higher stability and solubility, and better manufacturability, making them promising candidates for alternate therapeutic scaffolds. Rational engineering of cAbs to improve therapeutic function requires knowledge of the differences of sequence and structural features between cAbs and classical Abs. In this study, amino acid sequences of 27 cAb variable regions (V_HH) were aligned with the respective regions of 54 classical Abs to detect amino acid differences, enabling automatic identification of cAb V_HH CDRs. CDR analysis revealed that the H1 often (and sometimes the H2) adopts diverse conformations not classifiable by established canonical rules. Also, although the cAb H3 is much longer than classical H3 loops, it often contains common structural motifs and sometimes a disulfide bond to the H1. Leveraging these observations, we created a Monte Carlo-based cAb V_HH structural modeling tool, where the CDR H1 and H2 loops exhibited a median root-mean-square deviation to natives of 3.1 and 1.5 Å, respectively. The protocol generated 8-12, 14-16, and 16-24 residue H3 loops with a median root-mean-square deviation to natives of 5.7, 4.5, and 6.8 Å, respectively. The large deviation of the predicted loops underscores the challenge in modeling such long loops. cAb V_HH homology models can provide structural insights into interaction mechanisms to enable development of novel Abs for therapeutic and biotechnological use.